The End

65. TBJG, II/14, p. 110 (26.10.44). And see Wilfred von Oven, Mit Goebbels bis zum Ende, vol. 2, Buenos Aires, 1950, p. 170 (27.10.44). Hitler himself had responded to the news of the atrocities by demanding their propaganda exploitation within the Wehrmacht, and expressed impatience at the slowness to act in distributing photographs and eyewitness accounts.—IfZ, Nbg.-Dok. PS-1787. See also David Irving, Hitler’s War, London, 1977, p. 893, n. to p. 726.

66. Quoted Steinert, pp. 521–2.

67. Fisch, Nemmersdorf, pp. 144, 153 n. 8.

68. Schwendemann, p. 240 n. 41.

69. Some, along similar lines, were monitored by British intelligence services: NAL, FO898/187, PWE, Summary of and Comments on German Broadcasts to Germany, fos. 439, 457–8 (reports for 23–9.10.44 and 30.10–5.11.44).

70. Fisch, Nemmersdorf, pp. 146–7.

71. VB, 1.11.44.

72. BAB, R55/601, fo. 181, Tatigkeitsbericht, weekly propaganda report, 23.10.44. See also Meindl, p. 434.

73. Steinert, p. 522.

74. TBJG, II/14, p. 69 (10.10.44).

75. See IfZ, Fa-93, Vorlage for Bormann, 12.10.44, in which Werner Naumann, State Secretary in the Propaganda Ministry, informed him that Germans in western occupied areas were not behaving in compliance with ‘national honour’; and Himmler to HSSPF West, 18.10.44 (also in BAB, NS19/751, fo. 21), indicating that enemy press reports revealed ‘dishonourable’ conduct by German citizens under enemy occupation in the west. See also Klaus-Dietmar Henke, Die amerikanische Besetzung Deutschlands, Munich, 1995, p. 172.

76. TBJG, II/14, pp. 176 (8.11.44), 189 (10.11.44).

77. BAB, R55/601, fo. 204, Tatigkeitsbericht, weekly propaganda report, 7.11.44; TBJG, II/14, p. 192 (10.11.44).

78. BHStA, MA 106696, report of RPvOF/MF, 8.11.44.

79. BAB, R55/601, fo. 210, Tatigkeitsbericht, weekly propaganda report, 7.11.44.

80. BAB, R55/608, fo. 29, Mundpropagandaparole Nr. 4, 7.11.44.

81. TBJG, II/14, pp. 192–3 (10.11.44).

82. Otto Dov Kulka and Eberhard Jackel (eds.), Die Juden in den geheimen NS- Stimmungsberichten 1933–1945, Dusseldorf, 2004, p. 546, no. 749, report from SD-Leitabschnitt Stuttgart, 6.11.44; also in IWM, ‘Aus deutschen Urkunden, 1935–1945’, unpublished documentation, n.d. (c. 1945–6), pp. 275–6; and quoted by Steinert, pp. 522–3.

83. BAB, R55/601, fo. 215, Tatigkeitsbericht, weekly propaganda report, 14.11.44.

84. BAB, R55/608, fo. 30, Mundpropagandaparole Nr. 5, 8.11.44.

85. TBJG, II/14, p. 169 (7.11.44).

86. BAB, R55/601, fo. 223, Tatigkeitsbericht, weekly propaganda report, 14.11.44. Goebbels had concluded earlier in November that ‘the publication of the atrocities of Nemmersdorf has already been sufficient to make clear to every soldier what is at stake’. At Fuhrer Headquarters it was thought that there was no need at present to fire up the morale of the troops by publishing details of Bolshevik atrocities against German soldiers.— TBJG, II/14, p. 159 (5.11.44).

87. Traudl Junge, Until the Final Hour: Hitler’s Last Secretary, London, 2002, p. 145.

88. Nicolaus von Below, Als Hitlers Adjutant 1937–45, Mainz, 1980, p. 340.

89. Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen 1932–1945, ed. Max Domarus, Wiesbaden, 1973, p. 2045.

90. Himmler had the names of those not present noted on a list—an indication that the purpose was to ensure knowledge of and complicity in what had taken place.—Irving, pp. 575–6.

91. BA/MA, N245/2, NL Reinhardt, fo. 40 (diary entry, 26.10.44).

92. Udo von Alvensleben, Lauter Abschiede: Tagebuch im Kriege, Frankfurt am Main, 1971, pp. 439–40 (12.2.45). Also quoted in Kunz, p. 253.

93. See the negative imagery in letters from the front in DRZW, 9/2 (Muller), pp. 80–89.

94. See DRZW, 9/1 (Forster), pp. 638–9.

95. Almost 10,000 death sentences in the Wehrmacht (most of them in the army) had been carried out by the end of 1944.—DRZW, 9/1 (Echternkamp), pp. 48–50.

96. Part of the title of Omer Bartov’s book, The Eastern Front, 1941–45: German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare, New York, 1986.

97. Antony Beevor, D-Day: The Battle for Normandy, London, 2009, p. 522.

98. TBJG, II/14, p. 199 (11.11.44)

99. LHC, Dempsey Papers, no. 179, pt. II, p. 8, letter from Johanna Ambross, Munich, 20.9.44. Text in English.

100. BA/MA, N6/4, NL Model, report (for US authorities) on Army Group B from mid-October 1944 to mid- April 1945 by Oberst im Generalstab a.D. Gunther Reichhelm, compiled in 1946–7, fo. 1.

101. Hans-Heinrich Wilhelm, ‘Hitlers Ansprache vor Generalen und Offizieren am 26. Mai 1944’, Militargeschichtliche Mitteilungen, 2 (1976), pp. 123–70.

102. Saul Friedlander, The Years of Extermination: Nazi Germany and the Jews, 1939– 1945, London, 2007, pp. 615–19; Raul Hilberg, The Destruction of the European Jews, New Viewpoints edn., New York, 1973, p. 547.

103. Hilberg, p. 629.

104. Friedlander, p. 628.

105. Hilberg, pp. 630–31.

106. See Jeffrey Herf, The Jewish Enemy: Nazi Propaganda during World War II and the Holocaust, Cambridge, Mass., 2006, pp. 246–54.

107. Kulka and Jackel, p. 544, no. 744.

108. Peter Longerich, ‘Davon haben wir nichts gewu?t!’ Die Deutschen und die Judenverfolgung 1933–1945, Munich, 2006, pp. 304–11, where recorded criticism of such crude assessments of the bombing is also apparent.

109. Victor Klemperer, Ich will Zeugnis ablegen bis zum letzten, vol. 2: Tagebucher 1942–1945, ed. Walter Nowojski and Hadwig Klemperer, Darmstadt, 1998, pp. 594–6 (27.9.44).

110. He remarked on how depressed an acquaintance was about the defeat of the British at Arnhem. Otherwise ‘they would now have the Ruhr District and the war would be over’.—Klemperer, p. 609 (30.10.44).

111. Klemperer, p. 605 (17.10.44).

112. Klemperer, pp. 609–10 (2.11.44, 12.11.44).

113. Klemperer, p. 616 (26.11.44).

114. Klemperer, p. 609 (30.10.44).

115. Ulrich Herbert, Hitler’s Foreign Workers: Enforced Foreign Labor in Germany under the Third Reich, Cambridge, 1997, p. 298.

116. IWM, Memoirs of P. E. v0n Stemann (a Danish journalist based in Berlin from 1942 to the end of the war, compiled c. 1980), fo. 183.

117. See BAB, R55/601, fo. 124, Tatigkeitsbericht, weekly propaganda report, 18.9.44.

118. BAB, R55/601, fo. 119, Tatigkeitsbericht, weekly propaganda report, 11.9.44.

119. IWM, ‘Aus deutschen Urkunden, 1935–1945’, unpublished documentation, n.d. (c. 1945–6), p. 276.

120. BAB, R55/601, fo. 124, Tatigkeitsbericht, weekly propaganda report, 18.9.44. fos. 123–4.

121. Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, pp. 2160–67.

122. Jung, p. 103 and p. 218 (Kreipe diary, entry for 16.9.44); Guderian, pp. 370–71.