Rand Corporation, A Million Random Digits with 100,000 Normal Deviates (1955; repr., Santa Monica, Calif.: Rand, 2001), pp. ix-x. See also Lola L. Lopes, 'Doing the Impossible: A Note on Induction and the Experience of Randomness', Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 8, no. 6 (November 1982): 626-36.
88
The account of Joseph Jagger (sometimes spelled Jaggers) is from John Grochowski, 'House Has a Built-in Edge When Roulette Wheel Spins', Chicago Sun-Times, February 21, 1997.
89
Более подробные сведения о семье Бернулли и жизни Якоба: Е. S. Pearson, ed., The History of Statistics in the 17th and 18th Centuries against the Changing Background of Intellectual, Scientific and Religious Thought: Lectures by Karl Pearson Given at University College, London, during the Academic Sessions 1921-1933 (New York: Macmillan, 1978), pp. 221-37; J. O. Fleckenstein, 'Johann und Jakob Bernoulli', in Elemente der Mathematik, Beihefte zur Zeitschrift, no. 6 (Basel, 1949); and Stephen Stigler, 'The Bernoullis of Basel', Journal of Econometrics 75, no. l (1996): 7-13.
90
Quoted in Pearson, The History of Statistics in the 17th and 18th Centuries, p. 224.
91
Stephen Stigler, The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty before 1900 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1986), p. 65.
92
Pearson, The History of Statistics in the 17th and 18th Centuries, p. 226.
93
William H. Cropper, The Great Physicists: The Life and Times of Leading Physicists from Galileo to Hawking (London: Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 31.
94
Johann Bernoulli, quoted in Pearson, The History of Statistics in the 17th and 18th Centuries, p. 232.
95
Это зависит от того, что вы считаете «современной концепцией». Я соглашаюсь с определением Ханкеля 1871 г, подробно изложенным здесь: Gert Schubring, Conflicts between Generalization, Rigor, and Intuition: Number Concepts Underlying the Development of Analysis in 17th-19th Century France and Germany (New York: Springer, 2005), pp. 22-32.
96
David Freedman, Robert Pisani, and Roger Purves, Statistics, 3rd ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1998), pp. 274-75.
97
Цитата Хэкинга: Ian Hacking, The Emergence of Probability (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1975), p. 143. Цитата Бернулли: David, Gods, Games and Gambling, p. 136.
98
Дискуссия на тему того, что именно доказал Бернулли: Stigler, The History of Statistics, pp. 63-78, and Ian Hacking, The Emergence of Probability, pp. 155-65.
99
Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, 'Belief in the Law of Small Numbers', Psychological Bulletin 76, no. 2 (1971): 105-10.
100
Jakob Bernoulli, quoted in L. E. Maistrov, Probability Theory: A Historical Sketch, trans. Samuel Kotz (New York: Academic Press, 1974), p. 68.
