13. Reagan letter to Lorraine and Elwood Wagner, June 3, 1962, YAF collection.
14. Morris, Dutch, 314.
15. This is a UPI article that ran in the New York Times, May 9, 1961, titled, “Red Threat is Cited.”
16. Among these, see, for example: “Reagan Spreads Warning About Reds in Hollywood,” The Independent (Wilkes-Barre, PA), July 23, 1961. This was a UPI syndicated article.
17. Ronald Reagan, “Encroaching Government Controls,” Human Events, July 21, 1961, 457.
18. Ibid.
19. “Reagan Warns U.S. Is In War,” Bartlesville Examiner Enterprise, March 1, 1962.
20. “Reagan Says Free Word, Reds at War,” Dallas Times Herald, February 27, 1962; and Editorial, “In Our Opinion—‘Losing Our Freedom….By Installments,’” Angleton Times, February 29, 1962. (The date on the paper seems inaccurate, since that year was not a leap year.)
CHAPTER 4
1. Reagan and Hubler, Where’s the Rest of Me?, 311–12.
2. Ibid.
3. In 1968, Reagan made this exact plea in a stump speech in California—still prior to the deals later brokered by detente. Quoted in Smith, Who is Ronald Reagan?, 90.
4. Lyn Nofziger, Nofziger (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1992), 43–44.
5. This quote was used vigorously in Reagan campaign ads at the time. See Gary G. Hamilton and Nicole Woolsey Biggart, Governor Reagan, Governor Brown: A Sociology of Power (New York: Columbia University Press, 1984), 165.
6. Quotes cited in Lee Edwards, Ronald Reagan: A Political Biography (Houston, TX: Nordland, 1980), 203, 209.
7. Debate between Ronald Reagan and Robert F. Kennedy, “The Image of America and the Youth of the World,” CBS News, “Town Meeting of the World,” internationally televised, May 15, 1967. A video of the debate is located at the Reagan Library. I have a transcript of the debate, which I obtained from Bill Clark, who has held a copy in his personal files for almost forty years.
8. “The Ronnie-Bobby Show,” Newsweek, May 29, 1967, 26–27.
9. Steven F. Hayward, The Age of Reagan (Roseville, CA: Prima, 2001), 169; and Michael Knox Beran, The Last Patrician: Bobby Kennedy and the End of American Aristocracy (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1998), 150.
10. Lou Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse: A Political Odyssey (New York: Doubleday, 1969), 264.
11. Lewis, What Makes Reagan Run?, 196–97.
12. “The Ronnie-Bobby Show,” Newsweek, May 29, 1967, 26–27.
13. Cannon, Ronnie and Jesse, 264.
14. Hayward, The Age of Reagan, 170; and Jules Witcover and Richard M. Cohen, “Where’s the Rest of Ronald Reagan,” Esquire, March 1976, 153.
15. Reagan, “Veterans Day Address at North Albany Junior High School,” Albany, Oregon, November 11, 1967. On file at Reagan Library: “RWR—Speeches and Articles (1967),” folder, RRL, vertical files.
CHAPTER 5
1. For more on this, see the excellent research of Schweizer in his Reagan’s War, 108.
2. Allen in Schweizer, ed., The Fall of the Berlin Wall, 55–56; and Allen in Peter Hannaford, ed., Recollections of Reagan (New York: William Morrow, 1997), 6–8. Also, Allen spoke of the incident, and noted that it occurred specifically in the month of November, in an interview for the documentary, In the Face of Evil: Reagan’s War in Word and Deed (American Vantage Films and Capital Films I, LLC, 2005).
3. Allen remarks, in Schweizer, ed., The Fall of the Berlin Wall, 55–56.
4. Ibid.
5. A superb source on Reagan’s thinking toward the Soviets during the latter 1970s is Kiron Skinner, who has studied Reagan for years, first as a doctoral candidate in foreign policy at Harvard, then later as an assistant to George Shultz, a Hoover Institution fellow, and a fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations. She is the individual who discovered a box containing the 670 handwritten drafts of Reagan’s radio broadcasts done between 1975–79, all researched and written entirely by Reagan. Some of these were published in the landmark volume, Reagan, In His Own Hand, coedited by Skinner and Martin and Annelise Anderson, as well as in subsequent volumes. Though hundreds of the broadcasts have been released and published, many remain unavailable. Skinner has carefully studied them all. Kiron F. Skinner, Annelise Anderson, and Martin Anderson, eds., Reagan, In His Own Hand (New York: The Free Press, 2001).
A number of added follow-up volumes featuring more of these transcripts have been released by Skinner and the Andersons, or will be released in future planned volumes. The transcripts are also available at the Reagan Library among four boxes. My vetting of Reagan material initially included nearly all but the voluminous radio broadcasts from 1975–79. Once Skinner found and published the contents of those broadcasts, I found no inconsistency whatsoever with the Reagan record I studied. What she found in those hundreds of broadcasts conforms with what I found in some 10,000-plus pages of Presidential Documents, boxes of Reagan Library documents, and thousands of pages from other sources, from memoirs to secondary sources to interviews to oral histories and more. In sum, what happened in the 1980s—in terms of Reagan’s intent to undermine the USSR and roll back Communism—matches Reagan’s 1975–79 intentions, as clearly expressed in his radio broadcasts from the period. 6. Interview with Ed Meese, March 23, 1998.
26. Genrikh Aleksandrovich (Henry) Trofimenko in Hofstra conference (1993) proceedings, 136.
27. Peter Osnos, “Angola Stirs Questions on Detente Fine Print,” Washington Post, January 16, 1976, A12.
28. Quoted by James Reston, “The Mood of the Capital,” New York Times, February 27, 1976, 31.
29. Reagan commentary delivered on March 23, 1977. His source was a February 11, 1977 Boston Globe article by William Beecher, reprinted in National Review on March 4, 1977. According to the Globe article, in early 1973 British intelligence obtained a speech by Leonid Brezhnev given at a secret meeting of Eastern European Communist rulers in Prague. (An excerpt from the speech was quoted by R. Emmett Tyrrell, Jr. on the New York Times op-ed page on June 18, 1977. Tyrrell’s piece also quoted the exact same words from Brezhnev’s 1973 Prague speech.) The Brits rated the speech comparable in importance to Nikita Khrushchev’s 1956 “Crimes of Stalin” speech. In the handwritten text of his radio commentary, Reagan complained that “the British informed our government of Brezhnev’s speech, but apparently it didn’t lessen our desire for ‘detente.’” Brezhnev told his Communist bloc comrades: “We are achieving with detente what our predecessors have been unable to achieve using the mailed fist. We have been able to accomplish more in a short time with detente than was done for years pursuing a confrontation policy with NATO…. Trust us comrades, for by 1985, as a consequence of what we are now achieving with detente, we will have achieved most of our objectives in Western Europe. We will have consolidated our position. We will have improved our economy.”
And then, Reagan continued to report, Brezhnev “added the bottom line which certainly should have guided our own policy for these intervening years. He said, ‘…a decisive shift in the correlation or forces will be such that come 1985, we will be able to extend our will wherever we need to.’” Brezhnev, said Reagan, “was optimistic about the future of Marxism in France” and said that “Finland was already in the Soviet pocket, trends in Norway were in the right direction, and Denmark was no longer a viable part of Western strength.” Reagan expressed anger at Washington’s nonresponse to the British intelligence report on the speech. According to the Globe, Secretary of State Kissinger had minimized the importance of the report.
The only official reference to it came three years later (1976) in a CIA National Intelligence Estimate.
