The Devil in History

86. Joseph Rothschild, Ethnopolitics: A Conceptual Framework (New York: Columbia University Press, 1981), p. 14.

87. Yael Tamir, The Enigma of Nationalism: Essays in the Psychological (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2008), p. 430.

88. Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge: Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972- 1977, ed. Colin Gordon, trans. Colin Gordon et al. (New York: Pantheon, 1980), p. 133.

89. Tony Judt, “The Past Is Another Country: Myth and Memory in Postwar Europe,” in Memory and Power, ed. Muller, p. 172.

90. Judt, Postwar, p. 768

91. Amos Funkenstein, “History, Counterhistory and Narrative,” in Probing the Limits of Representation—Nazism and the “Final Solution,” ed. Saul Friedlander (Cambridge, Mass., and London: Harvard University Press, 1992), pp. 66-81.

92. I refer here to Georges Mink’s distinction among “partis consensuelists, tribunitiens et querelleurs” in “Les partis politiques de l’Europe centrale postcommuniste: Etat des lieux et essai de typologie,” L’Europe Centrale et Orientale en 1992, Documentation francaise, pp. 21-23.

93. In his seminal Postwar, Tony Judt assessed that “seventy years of energetic claims to the contrary notwithstanding—that there was indeed no Communist society as such: only a wilting state and its anxious citizens” (p. 658).

94. For Jowitt’s first statement, see New World Disorder. The last were made during his keynote address, “Stalinist Revolutionary Breakthroughs in Eastern Europe,” at the conference “Stalinism Revisited: The Establishment of Communist Regimes in East-Central Europe and the Dynamics of the Soviet Bloc” (November 29-30, 2007, Washington, D.C.), included in Stalinism Revisited, ed. Vladimir Tismaneanu.

95. Kotkin, Uncivil Society, p. xvii.

CONCLUSIONS

1. Sigmund Neumann, Permanent Revolution: Totalitarianism in the Age of International Civil War (New York: Praeger, 1965 [1942]); Franz Neumann, The Democratic and the Authoritarian State: Essays in Political and Legal Theory, edited and with a preface by Herbert Marcuse (London: Free Press, 1957); Andre Liebich, From the Other Shore: Russian Social Democracy after 1921 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997).

2. See Eugen Weber, Varieties of Fascism: Doctrines of Revolution in the Twentieth Century (Malabar, Fl.: Robert E. Krieger, 1982).

3. Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 1st ed. (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1951), pp. 431-32.

4. See Carl Cohen, ed., Communism, Fascism, and Democracy: The Theoretical Foundations (New York: Random House, 1972).

5. See Walter Laqueur, Stalin: The Glasnost Revelations (New York: Scribner’s, 1990), p. 135.

6. Zeev Sternhell with Mario Sznajder and Maya Asheri, The Birth of Fascist Ideology: From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1994); Roger Griffin, ed., International Fascism: Theories, Causes, and the New Consensus (London: Arnold, 1998); Aristotle Kallis, ed., The Fascism Reader (London: Routledge, 2003); Michael Mann, Fascists (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004); Constantin Iordachi, ed., Comparative Fascist Studies (London: Routledge, 2010).

7. Raymond Aron, The Opium of the Intellectuals, intro. Harvey C. Mansfield (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction, 2001).

8. Milorad M. Drachkovitch, ed., Marxism in the Modern World (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1965), especially the contributions of Raymond Aron, Bertram Wolfe, and Boris Souvarine; Melvin J. Lasky, Utopia and Revolution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976); Isaac Deutscher, Marxism, Wars and Revolutions: Essays from Four Decades (London: Verso, 1984).

9. Georg Lukacs, History and Class Consciousness (London: Merlin Press, 1971); Georg Lukacs, A Defense of “History and Class Consciousness”: Tailism and the Dialectic, with a introduction by John Rees and a postface by Slavoj Zizek (London: Verso, 2000).

10. Robert C. Tucker, ed.) The Marx-Engels Reader, 2d ed. (New York and London: W. W. Norton), p. 145.

11. See “Reflections on the Changing Role of the Party in the Totalitarian Polity,” the epilogue to Leonard Shapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, 2d ed., revised and enlarged (New York: Vintage Books, 1971). It is worth mentioning that Shapiro chose as a motto for his masterpiece Alexis de Tocqueville’s words: “He who seeks in liberty anything other than Liberty itself is destined for servitude.”

12. Cohen, ed., Communism, Fascism, and Democracy, p. 317.

13. Benito Mussolini, “The Doctrine of Fascism,” in ibid., pp. 328-39.

14. Robert Gellately, Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007); Alexander N. Yakovlev, A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000); Richard Pipes, Communism: A History (New York: Modern Library, 2003).

15. Tucker, Marx-Engels Reader, p. 84.

16. Tony Judt, Postwar: A History of Europe since 1945 (New York: Penguin Press, 2005), p. 831.

17. Anne Applebaum, “The Worst of the Madness,” New York Review of Books, October 28, 2010.

18. Robert C. Tucker, “Stalin, Bukharin, and History as Conspiracy,” in The Soviet Political Mind: Stalinism and Post-Stalin Change, rev. ed. (New York: W. W. Norton, 1971), pp. 49-86.

19. Hannah Arendt, Essays in Understanding, 1930-1954, ed. Jerome Kern (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Jovanovich), pp. 203-5.

Index

The index that appeared in the print version of this title does not match the pages in your eBook. Please use the search function on your eReading device to search for terms of interest. For your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below.

The ABC of Communism (Bukharin and Preobrazhensky)

Academy of Science, Soviet

Ackerman, Bruce

Adorno, Theodore W.

Aganbegyan, Abel

Akhmadulina, Bella

Akhmatova, Anna

Albania: “High Stalinism,”; mass murder; political parties

Aleksandrov, Georgi, History of West European Philosophy

Alexeyeva, Ludmila