MITI and the Japanese miracle

Industrial Policy and MITI's Role

(Tokyo: MITI, 1973), p. 1.

71. In Arisawa, 1976, p. 133; and Nakamura, 1974, p. 164.

72. Arisawa, quoted in Obayashi, p. 69; Shiina, 1976, pp. 10614.

73. Tanaka, pp. 65556.

74. Maeda, 1975, p. 9.

75. Clark, p. 258.

Two

1. See Johnson, 1980. Seidensticker's suggestion is contained in a letter of July 25, 1979.

2. Kakuma, 1979b, p. 171.

3. Japan Industrial Club, 2: 434.

4. See Obayashi. Cf. Berger, pp. 8788.

5. Campbell, p. 137.

6. Weber, p. 1004, n. 12.

7. Black, pp. 55, 77.

8. Weber, p. 959.

9. Cf. Ide Yoshinori, 'Sengo kaikaku to Nihon kanryosei *' (Postwar reform and the Japanese bureaucratic system), in Tokyo University, 1974, 3: 146.

10. Ide and Ishida, pp. 11415.

11. For a theoretical discussion of this pattern in many late-developing nations, see Heeger.

12. See Iwasaki, pp. 4150.

13. Kojima Kazuo, p. 26. See also Personnel Administration Investigation Council, p. 58.

14. Henderson, pp. 166, 195.

15. Isomura and Kuronuma, pp. 1115, 18.

16. See Kanayama.

17. Black, p. 209.

18. Yamanouchi, pp. 85, 12122, 18182. For similar political uses of the phrase denka no hoto*, see

Sori

*

daijin

, pp. 5657.

19. Duus and Okimoto, p. 70.

20. Craig, p. 7.

21. The basic source on the purge is Hans H. Baerwald,

The Purge of Japanese Leaders Under the Occupation

(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1959).

Page 346

22. Sato *, p. 60.

23. Amaya, p. 72.

24. Noda Economic Research Institute, p. 5.

25. Roser, p. 201.

26. See Ide Yoshinori, in Tokyo University, 1974, 3: 14958.

27. For details, see Okochi* Shigeo, 'Nihon no gyosei* soshiki' (The organization of administration in Japan), in Tsuji, 2: 9499.

28. Kakuma, 1979b, p. 5

et seq.

29. 'Shihai taisei no seisaku to kiko*' (The policies and structure of the ruling system), in Oka, pp. 5368.

30. Campbell, p. 128, n. 29.

31. Wildes, p. 92.

32. 'Kanryo* o dosuru' (What about the bureaucracy?),

Chuo

*

koron

*, Aug. 1947, p. 3.

33. Okubo*, pp. 45.

34. Watanabe Yasuo, 'Komuin* no kyaria' (Careers of officials), in Tsuji, 4: 200; Sato, pp. 6061.

35. Sugimori Koji*, 'The Social Background of Political Leadership in Japan,'

The Developing Economies

, 6 (Dec. 1968): 499500.

36. Robert M. Spaulding, Jr., 'The Bureaucracy as a Political Force, 192045,' in Morley, p. 37.

37. For statistics on the numbers of cabinet and private bills introduced in the first thirty Diets under the Constitution of 1947, see Fukumoto, pp. 13236. See also T. J. Pempel, 'The Bureaucratization of Policy-making in Postwar Japan,'

American Journal of Political Science

, 18 (Nov. 1974): 64764.

38. See Ministry of Finance, Tax Bureau, p. 9; and Hollerman, 1967, p. 248. Odahashi Sadaju, former technical adviser to the House of Councillors Commerce and Industry Committee, declares that the shingikai have actually taken over the Diet functions of deliberating on laws. See Odahashi, p. 23. See also Yung H. Park, 'The Governmental Advisory Commission System in Japan,'

Journal of Comparative Administration

, 3 (Feb. 1972): 43567. For studies of particular shingikai, see Yung H. Park, 'The Central Council for Education,