Nemesis: The Last Days of the American Republic

House then passes without further scrutiny.

Well before the bribery charges were filed, I described Cunningham in the press as totally bought and paid for by the military-industrial complex.⁴⁷ However, I did so on the basis of published campaign contributions. It did not occur to me that, in selling his vote to munitions makers, as so many other members of Congress have done—including Cunningham’s friend, neighbor in California’s Fifty-second District, and chairman of the House Armed Services Committee, Republican representative Duncan Hunter—he was so stupid as to have actually accepted material bribes for his corrupt acts. If a member of Congress can claim there was no quid pro quo involved in accepting money from strangers, it is technically legal. Most members who want to line their pockets are content to wait and do so as lobbyists after retiring or being defeated. According to the Center for Responsive Politics, Hunter and Cunningham rank second and third among all members of Congress (first is Pennsylvania Democratic representative John P. Murtha) in terms of the total amount of money they have received from the defense industry.⁴⁸

In buying Cunningham’s influence, two San Diego-based defense contractors, Mitchell Wade, CEO of MZM Inc., which among other things provided Arabic translators for Abu Ghraib prison in Baghdad, and Brent Wilkes, CEO of ADCS Inc., supplied Cunningham with cash, a down payment and mortgage payments on a 7,628-square-foot mansion in an exclusive San Diego enclave, Persian rugs, antique French armoires, two yachts, a Rolls-Royce, and a college graduation party for his daughter.⁴⁹ In return, Cunningham arranged for $163 million in Pentagon contracts for MZM, which had not done much business with the Defense Department until Wade met him, and more than $90 million for Wilkes’s company for converting old documents into computer-readable files. (Wilkes wanted to digitize the century-old archives dealing with the building of the Panama Canal, not exactly vital to the Global War on Terror and something Pentagon officials repeatedly insisted they did not need.) Senior correspondent for the American Prospect Laura Rozen notes, “Duncan Hunter [was] identified by a Defense Department Inspector General report—along with Cunningham—as actively intervening with the Pentagon to try to award a contract to a document-conversion company that had given him tens of thousands of dollars in campaign contributions for a program the Pentagon did not request or consider a priority.”⁵⁰ Wilkes’s technology was imported from Germany.

It is important to stress that the distinction in Congress between a bribe and a legal donation is a bit of sophistry intended to conceal the routine corruption of our elected representatives. As Bill Moyers has put it, “If [in baseball] a player sliding into home plate reached into his pocket and handed the umpire $1000 before he made the call, what would we call that? A bribe. And if a lawyer handed a judge $1000 before he issued a ruling, what do we call that? A bribe. But when a lobbyist or CEO [chief executive officer of a corporation] sidles up to a member of Congress at a fund-raiser or in a skybox and hands him a check for $1000, what do we call that? A campaign contribution.”⁵¹

Brent Wilkes was more experienced at buying influence than Wade. He supplied private jet flights for House majority leader Tom DeLay and Republican Roy Blunt and became a “pioneer” in the Bush-Cheney 2004 reelection campaign by raising $100,000. From 1995 to 2005, Wilkes and his associates gave more than $840,000 to at least thirty-two congressional campaigns or their political action committees.⁵² According to the Federal Election Commission, the recipients included Representative John Doolittle (Republican from California), total $82,000; Representative Randy Cunningham, $76,500; Representative Jerry Lewis (Republican from California), $60,000; Representative Tom DeLay (Republican from Texas), $57,000; Representative Duncan Hunter, $39,200; Senator Larry Craig (Republican from Idaho), $29,000; Representative Jerry Weller (Republican from Illinois), $27,500; Representative Benjamin Gilman (Republican from New York), $25,843; Representative Roy Blunt (Republican from Missouri), $17,000; and Senator Lindsey Graham (Republican from South Carolina), $14,000.⁵³

The culprits are not just Republicans. Consider the actions of the senators from Florida in 2006. In the 2006 federal budget, Republican senator Mel Martinez earmarked defense appropriations for Florida contractors worth $316 million. Since 2003, companies that received defense contracts made $33,000 worth of campaign contributions to Martinez. Democratic senator Bill Nelson, a member of the Armed Services Committee, obtained $916 million for defense projects, about two-thirds of which went to the Florida-based plants of Boeing, Honeywell, General Dynamics, Armor Holdings, and other munitions makers. Since 2003, Nelson has received $108,750 from thirteen companies for which he arranged contracts.⁵⁴

Under such circumstances, it is still possible to imagine that some congressional votes in areas where money is flowing are not being influenced by campaign contributions, but only if the members are independently wealthy, and even then it is highly unlikely. There are, in addition, other ways to influence Congress, particularly through lobbying. The numbers of lobbyists, the amounts of money involved in lobbying, and the ties between the lobbying industry, the dominant Republicans in Congress, and the White House have all exploded in the Bush years. “Since Bush was elected,” according to Bill Moyers, “the number of lobbyists registered to do business in Washington has more than doubled. That’s 16,342 lobbyists in 2000 to 34,785 [in 2005]. Sixty-five lobbyists for every member of Congress.”⁵⁵ In September 2005, Tom DeLay was forced to resign as majority leader of the House when he was indicted for channeling corporate contributions to politicians in Texas. He was the chief conduit of master lobbyist Jack Abramoff, who in January 2006 confessed to cheating his clients while spending lavishly on congressional junkets, meals, and campaign contributions. Some twenty-nine former staff members of DeLay’s congressional office have left government service to accept positions as lobbyists in major Washington law firms, the largest number working for any member of Congress.

Typical of the DeLay-Abramoff operations was their lobbying for the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. After World War II, these specks of land in the Pacific 5,625 miles west of San Francisco—the largest of which is the island of Saipan—became a United Nations trust territory, administered by the United States Department of the Interior. Under a scheme to make Saipan a sweatshop, the Interior Department exempted the islands from U.S. labor and immigration laws. There is no minimum wage on Saipan. Tens of thousands of Chinese women live in dormitories with no basic political rights; they are prohibited from marrying and are paid almost nothing. They work producing clothes with “Made in the USA” labels for companies like Levi Strauss & Co., the Gap, Eddie Bauer, Reebok, Polo, Nordstrom, Lord & Taylor, and Liz Claiborne, which are then shipped duty-free to the United States. The sweatshop operators, the biggest of whom are naturalized U.S. citizens of Chinese ancestry, paid Abramoff nearly $10 million, part of which he used to book congressmen and their “significant others” into luxury hotels and exclusive golf courses on Saipan, to ensure that Congress did not pass a minimum-wage law for the islands. Abramoff took DeLay and his wife there, and the congressman was moved to declare that the Marianas “represented what is best about America,” calling them “my Galapagos.”⁵⁶ Other major clients of the Abramoff-DeLay lobbying duo include gambling casinos on Indian reservations, Russian oil and gas interests, and the U.S. Family Network.

The mainstream press regularly refers to members of Congress as “lawmakers,” but that phrase bears little relationship to what they actually do. An excellent example is the Foreign Operations bill for fiscal year 2005. At the time of passage, according to Los Angeles Times correspondent Ken Silverstein, it was “the biggest single piece of pork-barrel legislation in American history.”⁵⁷ On November 17, 2004, a small group of senators and representatives from their respective appropriations committees folded into the bill funds for the Departments of Justice, State, Energy, Labor, Commerce, Education, Agriculture, Transportation, the Treasury, Interior, Veterans Affairs, Health and Human Services, and Housing and Urban Development, as well as the running expenses for the entire legislative and judicial branches. Around 12:15 a.m. on November 20, 2004, staff members, working frantically, made the 3,320-page bill available to “legislators” on the Web site of the House Rules Committee. The House put it to a vote at approximately 4:00 p.m. in the afternoon of the same day and the Senate followed suit at 8:42 p.m. that evening. The legislation passed the House by a margin of 344 to 51 and the Senate by 65 to 30. It would have been a physical impossibility for any member to have read the entire piece of