Биология добра и зла. Как наука объясняет наши поступки

Influence of Early-Life Adversity on the BDNF Gene,” BP 65 (2009): 760; E. C. Braithwaite et al., “Maternal Prenatal Depressive Symptoms Predict Infant NR3C1 1F and BDNF IV DNA Methylation,” Epigenetics 10 (2015): 408; C. Murgatroyd et al., “Dynamic DNA Methylation Programs Persistent Adverse Effects of Early-Life Stress,” Nat Nsci 12 (2009): 1559; M. J. Meaney and M. Szyf, “Environmental Programming of Stress Responses Through DNA Methylation: Life at the Interface Between a Dynamic Environment and a Fixed Genome,” Dialogues in Clin Neuroscience 7 (2005): 103; P. O. McGowan et al., “Broad Epigenetic Signature of Maternal Care in the Brain of Adult Rats,” PLoS ONE 6 (2011): e14739; D. Liu et al., “Maternal Care, Hippocampal Glucocorticoid Receptors, and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Responses to Stress,” Sci 277 (1997): 1659; T. Oberlander et al., “Prenatal Exposure to Maternal Depression, Neonatal Methylation of Human Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene (NR3C1) and Infant Cortisol Stress Responses,” Epigenetics 3 (2008): 97; F. A. Champagne, “Epigenetic Mechanisms and the Transgenerational Effects of Maternal Care,” Front Neuroendocrinology 29 (2008): 386; J. P. Curley et al., “Transgenerational Effects of Impaired Maternal Care on Behaviour of Offspring and Grandoffspring,” Animal Behav 75 (2008): 1551; J. P. Curley et al., “Social Enrichment During Postnatal Development Induces Transgenerational Effects on Emotional and Reproductive Behavior in Mice,” Front Behav Nsci 3 (2009): 1; F. A. Champagne, “Maternal Imprints and the Origins of Variation,” Horm Behav 60 (2011): 4; F. A. Champagne and J. P. Curley, “Epigenetic Mechanisms Mediating the Long-Term Effects of Maternal Care on Development,” Nsci Biobehav Rev 33 (2009): 593; F. A. Champagne et al., “Maternal Care Associated with Methylation of the Estrogen Receptor-alpha1b Promoter and Estrogen Receptor-Alpha Expression in the Medial Preoptic Area of Female Offspring,” Endo 147 (2006): 2909; F. A. Champagne and J. P. Curley, “How Social Experiences Influence the Brain,” Curr Opinion in Neurobiol 15 (2005): 704.

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К сноске: E. Suhay and T. Jayaratne, “Does Biology Justify Ideology? The Politics of Genetic Attribution,” Public Opinion Quarterly (2012): doi:10.1093/poq/nfs049. См. также: M. Katz, “The Biological Inferiority of the Undeserving Poor,” Social Work and Soc 11 (2013): 1.

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E. Uhlmann et al., “Blood Is Thicker: Moral Spillover Effects Based on Kinship,” Cog 124 (2012): 239.

397

E. Pennisi, “ENCODE Project Writes Eulogy for Junk DNA,” Sci 337 (2012): 1159.

398

M. Bastepe, “The GNAS Locus: Quintessential Complex Gene Encoding Gsa, XLas, and Other Imprinted Transcripts,” Curr Genomics 8 (2007): 398.

399

Y. Gilad et al., “Expression Profiling in Primates Reveals a Rapid Evolution of Human Transcription Factors,” Nat 440 (2006): 242.

400

D. Moore, The Developing Genome: An Introduction to Behavioral Genetics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015); H. Wang et al., “Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Facilitate Partner Preference Formation in Female Prairie Voles,” Nat Nsci 16 (2013): 919.

401

I. Weaver et al., “Epigenetic Programming by Maternal Behavior,” Nat Nsci 7 (2004): 847.

402

Y. Wei et al., “Paternally Induced Transgenerational Inheritance of Susceptibility to Diabetes in Mammals,” PNAS 111 (2014): 1873; M. Anway et al., “Epigenetic Transgenerational Actions of Endocrine Disruptors and Male Fertility,” Sci 308 (2005): 1466; K. Siklenka et al., “Disruption of Histone Methylation in Developing Sperm Impairs Offspring Health Transgenerationally,” Sci 350 (2016):О 651. О противоречиях см. J. Kaiser, “The Epigenetics Heretic,” Sci 343 (2014): 361.

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E. Jablonka and M. Lamb, Epigenetic Inheritance and Evolution: The Lamarckian Dimension (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995).

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E. T. Wang et al., “Alternative Isoform Regulation in Human Tissue Transcriptomes,” Nat 456 (2008): 470; Q. Pan et al., “Deep Surveying of Alternative Splicing Complexity in the Human Transcriptome by High-Throughput Sequencing,” Nat Gen, 40 (2008): 1413.

405

A. Muotri et al., “Somatic Mosaicism in Neuronal Precursor Cells Mediated by L1 Retrotransposition,” Nat 435 (2005): 903; P. Perrat et al., “Transposition-Driven Genomic Heterogeneity in the Drosophila Brain,” Sci 340 (2013): 91; G. Vogel, “Do Jumping Genes Spawn Diversity?” Sci 332 (2011): 300; J. Baillie et al., “Somatic Retrotransposition Alters the Genetic Landscape of the Human Brain,” Nat 479 (2011): 534.

406

A. Eldar and M. Elowitz, “Functional Roles for Noise in Genetic Circuits,” Nat 467 (2010): 167; C. Finch and T. Kirkwood, Chance, Development, and Aging (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000).

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Некоторые из ранних классических исследований усыновления: L. L. Heston, “Psychiatric Disorders in Foster Home Reared Children of Schizophrenic Mothers,” Brit J Psychiatry 112 (1966): 819; S. Kety et al., “Mental Illness in the Biological and Adoptive Families of Adopted Schizophrenics,” Am J Psychiatry 128 (1971): 302; D. Rosenthal et al., “The Adopted-Away Offspring of Schizophrenics,” Am J Psychiatry 128 (1971): 307.

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Необычайный пример перепутывания младенцев вскоре после рождения и последствия этого, см.: S. Dominus, “The Mixed-Up Brothers of Bogotá,” New York Times Magazine, July 9, 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/07/12/magazine/the-mixed-up-brothers-of-bogota.html.

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R. Ebstein et al., “Genetics of Human Social Behavior,” Neuron 65 (2008): 831; S. Eisen et al., “Familial Influence on Gambling Behavior: An Analysis of 3359 Twin Pairs,” Addiction 93 (1988): 1375. К сноске: W. Hopkins et al., “Chimpanzee Intelligence Is Heritable,” Curr Biol 24 (2014): 1649.

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T. Bouchard and M. McGue, “Genetic and Environmental Influences on Human Psychological Differences,” J Neurobiol 54 (2003): 4; D. Cesarini et al., “Heritability of Cooperative Behavior in the Trust Game,” PNAS 105 (2008): 3721; S. Zhong et al., “The Heritability of Attitude Toward Economic Risk,” Twin Res and Hum Genetics 12 (2009): 103; D. Cesarini et al., “Genetic Variation in Financial Decision-Making,” J the Eur Economic Association 7 (2010): 617.