29. Barrett B. and Newman L.H., ‘The Facebook Security Meltdown Exposes Way More Sites Than Facebook’, Wired, 28 September 2018.
30. Background on Love Bug: Meek J., ‘Love bug virus creates worldwide chaos’, The Guardian, 5 May 2000; Barabási A.L., Linked: the New Science of Networks (Perseus Books, 2003).
31. White S.R., ‘Open Problems in Computer Virus Research’, Virus Bulletin Conference, 1998.
32. Barabási A.L. and Albert R., ‘Emergence of Scaling in Random Networks’, Science, 1999.
33. Pastor-Satorras R. and Vespignani A., ‘Epidemic Spreading in Scale-Free Networks’, Physical Review Letters, 2 April 2001.
34. Goel S. et al., ‘The Structural Virality of Online Diffusion’, Management Science, 2016.
35. Background on left-pad from: Williams C., ‘How one developer just broke Node, Babel and thousands of projects in 11 lines of JavaScript’, The Register, 23 March 2016; Tung L., ‘A row that led a developer to delete a 17-line JavaScript module has stopped countless applications working’, ZDNet, 23 March 2016; Roberts M., ‘A discussion about the breaking of the Internet’, Medium, 23 March 2016.
36. Haney D., ‘NPM & left-pad: Have We Forgotten How To Program?’ 23 March 2016, https://www.davidhaney.io
37. Rotabi R. et al., ‘Tracing the Use of Practices through Networks of Collaboration’, AAAI, 2017.
38. Fox-Brewster T., ‘Hackers Sell $7,500 IoT Cannon To Bring Down The Web Again’, Forbes, 23 October 2016.
39. Gallagher S., ‘New variants of Mirai botnet detected, targeting more IoT devices’, Ars Technica, 9 April 2019.
40. Cohen F., ‘Computer Viruses – Theory and Experiments’, 1984.
41. Cloonan J., ‘Advanced Malware Detection – Signatures vs. Behavior Analysis’, Infosecurity Magazine, 11 April 2017.
42. Oldstone M.B.A., Viruses, Plagues, and History (Oxford University Press, 2010).
43. Background on Beebone from: Goodin D., ‘US, European police take down highly elusive botnet known as Beebone’, Ars Technica, 9 April 2015; Samani R., ‘Update on the Beebone Botnet Takedown’, McAfee Blogs, 20 April 2015.
44. Thompson C.P. et al., ‘A naturally protective epitope of limited variability as an influenza vaccine target’, Nature Communications, 2018.
45. ‘McAfee Labs 2019 Threats Predictions Report’, McAfee Labs, 29 November 2018; Seymour J. and Tully P., ‘Weaponizing data science for social engineering: Automated E2E spear phishing on Twitter’, Working paper, 2016.
7. Tracking outbreaks
1. Background on Schmidt case from: Court of Appeal of Louisiana, Third Circuit. STATE of Louisiana v. Richard J. SCHMIDT. No. 99–1412, 2000; Miller M., ‘A Deadly Attraction’, Newsweek, 18 August 1996.
2. Darwin C., Journal of researches into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. (John Murray, 1860).
3. Hon C.C. et al., ‘Evidence of the Recombinant Origin of a Bat Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)-Like Coronavirus and Its Implications on the Direct Ancestor of SARS Coronavirus’, Journal of Virology, 2008.
4. Forensic File Update on Janice Trahan Case, CNN, 14 March 2016.
5. González-Candelas F. et al., ‘Molecular evolution in court: analysis of a large hepatitis C virus outbreak from an evolving source’, BMC Biology, 2013; Fuchs D., ‘Virus doctor jailed for 1,933 years’, The Guardian, 16 May 2007.
6. Oliveira T. et al., ‘hiv-1 and hcv sequences from Libyan outbreak’, Nature, 2006; ‘hiv medics released to Bulgaria’, BBC News Online, 24 July 2007.
7. Köser C.U. et al., ‘Rapid Whole-Genome Sequencing for Investigation of a Neonatal MRSA Outbreak’, NEJM, 2012; Fraser C. et al., ‘Pandemic Potential of a Strain of Influenza A (H1N1): Early Findings’, Science, 2009.
8. Kama M. et al., ‘Sustained low-level transmission of Zika and chikungunya viruses following emergence in the Fiji Islands, Pacific’, Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2019.
9. Diallo B. et al., ‘Resurgence of Ebola virus disease in Guinea linked to a survivor with virus persistence in seminal fluid for more than 500 days’, Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2016.
10. Racaniello V., ‘Zika virus, like all other viruses, is mutating’, Virology Blog, 14 April 2016.
11. Beaty B.M. and Lee B., ‘Constraints on the Genetic and Antigenic Variability of Measles Virus’, Viruses, 2016.
12. Background on sequence availability: Gire S.K. et al., ‘Genomic surveillance elucidates Ebola virus origin and transmission during the 2014 outbreak’, Science, 2014; Yozwiak N.L., ‘Data sharing: Make outbreak research open access’, Nature, 2015; Gytis Dudas, https://twitter.com/evogytis/status/1065157012261126145
13. Sample I., ‘Thousands of lives put at risk by clinical trials system that is “not fit for purpose”’, The Guardian, 31 March 2014.
14. Callaway E., ‘Zika-microcephaly paper sparks data-sharing confusion’, Nature, 12 February 2016; Maxmen, A., ‘Two Ebola drugs show promise amid ongoing outbreak,’ Nature, 12 August 2019; Johansson M.A. et al., ‘Preprints: An underutilized mechanism to accelerate outbreak science’, PLOS Medicine, 2018; https://nextstrain.org/community/inrb-drc/ebola-nord-kivu
15. Sabeti P., ‘How we’ll fight the next deadly virus’, TEDWomen 2015.
16. Hadfield J. et al., ‘Nextstrain: real-time tracking of pathogen evolution’, Bioinformatics, 2018.
17. Owlcation, ‘The History Behind the Story of Goldilocks’, 22 February 2018, https://owlcation.com/humanities/goldilocks-and-three-bears
18. Background and quotes from author interview with Jamie Tehrani, October 2017.
19. Tehrani J.J., ‘The Phylogeny of Little Red Riding Hood’, PLOS ONE, 2013.
20. Van Wyhe J., ‘The descent of words: evolutionary thinking 1780–1880’, Endeavour, 2005.
21. Luu C., ‘The Fairytale Language of the Brothers Grimm’, JSTOR Daily, 2 May 2018.
22. Da Silva S.G. and Tehrani J.J., ‘Comparative phylogenetic analyses uncover the ancient roots of Indo-European folktales’, Royal Society Open Science, 2015.
23. Smith D. et al., ‘Cooperation and the evolution of hunter-gatherer storytelling’, Nature Communications, 2017.
24. Background from: Stubbersfield J.M. et al., ‘Serial killers, spiders and cybersex: social and survival information bias in the transmission of urban legends’, British Journal of Psychology, 2015. A similar result pattern has been found in other telephone studies, with social information seemingly having an advantage when it comes to transmission.
25. Background on counter-intuitive elements from: Mesoudi A. and Whiten A., ‘The multiple roles of cultural transmission experiments in understanding human cultural evolution’, Philosphical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 2008; Stubbersfield J. and Tehrani J., ‘Expect the Unexpected? Testing for Minimally Counterintuitive (MCI) Bias in the Transmission of Contemporary Legends: A Computational Phylogenetic Approach’, Social Science Computer Review, 2013.
26. Dlugan A., ‘How to Use the Rule of Three in Your Speeches’, 27 May 2009. http://sixminutes.dlugan.com/rule-of-three-speeches-
public-speaking
27. The rule of three is also common in comedy, where an unexpected third item creates
