36 Dalrymple 2015.
37 Haq 2016.
38 Bahri 2016.
39 Haq 2016.
40 Ministry of Minority Affairs 2016; Phadnis 2016.
41 Identity withheld.
42 Social, Economic and Educational Status of the Muslim Community of India 2006.
43 Census of India 2011.
1 Menozzi 2016; Sims 2016.
2 Saha 2016.
3 Buhler 1886, 333; Olivelle ed. 1999, 134.
4 Callahan 2013.
5 The empire of Emperor Ashoka (268–232 BC) extended beyond Kandahar in the north, but did not go beyond Karnataka in the south, and did not encompass what is today north-east India (Alikuzai 2013, 64). Among the Guptas, Samudragupta (AD 336–80) did have an empire slightly beyond present-day Gujarat and Rajasthan. The Khiljis, under Alauddin Khilji (AD 1296–1316) ruled almost until Kandahar, once again. In the south, the Cholas, under Rajendra Chola I (AD 1014–44), controlled Sri Lanka.
6 Das 2002, 10.
7 Al-Biruni (AD 973–1048) was an Iranian scholar, mathematician, polyglot, and traveller who came to India around AD 1000, and wrote of it in his travelogue Tahqiq ma li-l-hind min maqulah maqbulah fi al-aql aw mardhulah.
8 Loewenstein 1994, 79; Langevin 1971.
9 Ibid.
10 Butler 1954.
11 Tinker 1974; Davis 1968, 99.
12 Dalrymple 2015.
13 CNN 2012; Statistic Brain 2016.
14 Varma 2016.
15 Business Standard 2016.
16 Ibid.
17 The number of migrants who migrated rose by 18 per cent in 2015 from 8.5 million in 2010. Pew Research 2017.
18 Connor 2017.
19 President Donald Trump’s election campaign prior to his formal inauguration on 20 January 2017 promised to reduce illegal and legal migration into the United States. Accordingly, the RAISE Bill, an acronym for Reforming American Immigration for a Strong Economy, introduced as a bill in the United States Senate in 2017 (not yet passed as an Act till 2017), proposes to cut by half the number of legal immigrants accepted into the US each year. This bill would do three things: First, limit the number of foreign nationals who are able to get green cards to reunite with their families already in the US. Second, cut the number of refugees in half. Third, eliminate the diversity visa lottery—a programme that gives visas to countries with low rates of immigration to the United States. Another executive order under consideration will reduce the number of H1B visas awarded each year to employed migrants in the United States. Companies will have to show proof for why they chose an immigrant over a citizen for a job that paid up to a certain amount, which used to be $60,000 annually but which will now be revised to $100,000 annually.
In no proven correlation to President Trump’s actions, according to a survey of more than 250 American colleges and universities conducted by six top American higher education groups, students from India in the fall semester of 2017 registered a 26 per cent decline in undergraduate applications while a 15 per cent decline has been reported in graduate applications (Times of India 2017).
20 Anand 2017.
21 Ainsworth and Bell 1970, 49.
1 World Population Prospects 2017.
2 According to a survey in 2008 by the contraceptive company Durex, while 60 per cent of Indians claimed sex is ‘fun, enjoyable, and a vital part of life’, only 44 per cent were fully satisfied with their sex lives (Trivedi 2014, 70; News 18 2008).
3 Ibid, 41.
4 Ibid.
5 The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971. The Act came into effect on 1 April 1972.
6 Keer 1954, 106; Mishra 2010, 243.
7 Gandhi 2013 reprint, 129.
8 Trivedi 2014, 27.
9 Das 2002, 283.
10 Gandhi 1940; Adams 2010.
11 Connellan 2010.
12 Sil 1995.
13 Vivekananda 1915.
14 Sil 1995.
15 Vivekananda 1897, 20.
16 Trivedi 2014.
17 Ibid, 20.
18 India’s 0.3 per cent divorce rate is calculated based on Census 2011. However, data on the divorce rate in India varies across sources from 0.11 per cent to 1.3 per cent (Dutt 2015).
19 Trivedi 2014, 117.
20 Trivedi 2014, 47.
21 Ibid, 48.
22 National Family Health Survey 2015–16.
23 India’s National Family Health Survey 2015–16 shows that although 660 million condoms were distributed nationwide in 2008-09, that figure fell by more than half to 320 million in 2015–16. Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh recorded the highest falls, 83 per cent and 79 per cent.
24 Brisk and Kauffman 2004.
1 Krishnamurti 1952.
2 I have written more about this in Chapter 3 titled ‘Exploration’.
3 See Chapter 4 titled ‘Procreation’.
4 Chidbhavananda 1965.
5 Identity withheld.
6 Shafir and Mullainathan 2013.
7 Varma 2012.
8 According to the Census of India 2011, there were 4,225,940 divorces for a population of 1,247,000,000. On this subject, see Dutt 2015. I have also discussed this in Chapter 4 titled ‘Procreation’.
1 Lakshmi 2016.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid.
4 Malhotra 2015.
5 Boyden and Dercon 2012, 1.
6 World Bank 2013.
7 Identity withheld.
8 The Female Infanticide Prevention Act, 1870.
9 Poddar 2013.
10 Saha 2016.
11 Singh 2010; Singh and Sundria 2017.
12 Kingdon 2005.
13 Engle and Black 2008; Rogoff 2003; Sameroff 2010; Wachs and Rahman 2013.
1 Durkheim 1893.
2 Lau and Dwivedi 2014, 118.
3 Indian Express 2016.
4 Identity withheld.
5 National Sample Survey 2016.
6 Dipankar Gupta is a sociologist and former professor at Jawaharlal Nehru University’s Centre for the Study of Social Systems. He is best known for his research on the Indian caste system and social stratifications.
7 I have written more on how the caste system has been dismantled, yet how caste identities persist, in Chapter 2 titled ‘Evolution’.
8 Gupta 2000, 35.
9 See Chapter 5 titled ‘Love’.
10 Gupta 2000, 122.
11 I have written more on the arbitrage practices of businesses with regard to availability of cheap labour and high spending capacity in Chapter 12 titled ‘Money’.
12 See Chapter 5 titled ‘Love’.
13 Varma 2005, 51.
1 The subalternist approach can be explained as writing history inclusive of voices that are traditionally marginalized or ignored. Subalternists distinguish between the social and economic hegemonic classes, or ‘the elite’, and the subaltern masses or ‘non-elite’ domain of Indian nationalism. The subaltern school within historiography in India started in 1982, when historian Ranajit Guha and others formed a collective called the Subaltern Studies
