71. Besides being busy with the great cyclotron, Ernest was helping John build his own empire at Berkeley. “Diary Notes of Donald Cooksey,” folder 23, carton 4, EOL.
72. Lawrence to Urey, folder 40, carton 17, EOL.
73. Bush to Lawrence, Aug. 30, 1940, Lawrence folder, box 64, Bush papers, Library of Congress.
74. Childs (1968), 306.
75. Ibid.
76. Draft telegram in pencil, Bush to Lawrence, n.d., Lawrence folder, box 64, Bush papers, Library of Congress.
77. Buderi (1996), 39.
78. Alvarez (1987), 87, 91; transcript of McMillan interview, Bancroft Library.
79. W. B. Reynolds, “Notes on the 184-inch Cyclotron,” June 16, 1945, folder 4, carton 29, EOL.
80. Kamen to McMillan, Feb. 1941, folder 10, carton 10, EOL.
81. Kamen (1986), 141, 145.
82. Transcript of interview with Vern Denton, n.d., LLNL.
83. Kamen to McMillan, folder 10, carton 10, EOL.
84. Hewlett and Anderson (1990), 29–32.
85. Childs (1968), 311.
86. Stanley Goldberg, “Inventing a Climate of Opinion: Vannevar Bush and the Decision to Build the Bomb” ISIS, 1992, 429–52. Lawrence, “Historical Notes on My Early Activities in Connection with the Tuballoy Project,” Mar. 26, 1945, folder 4, carton 29, EOL.
87. Arthur Compton, Atomic Quest (Oxford, 1956), 48.
88. Henry DeWolf Smyth, Atomic Energy for Military Purposes: The Official Report on the Development of the Atomic Bomb Under the Auspices of the United States Government, 1940–1945 (Stanford University Press, 1989), 64–65.
89. Hewlett and Anderson (1990), 41.
90. Transcript of interview with Luis Alvarez, box 1, Childs papers.
91. Lawrence to Bush, July 29, 1941, Lawrence folder, box 64, Bush papers, Library of Congress.
92. Oliphant: Childs (1968), 206, 210; Rhodes (1986), 360.
93. The British were also upset that the Americans continued to publish the results of their work on fission. After the article by McMillan and Abelson appeared in Physical Review, the British sent an envoy from their San Francisco consulate to reprimand Lawrence.
94. M.A.U.D. report: Powers (1993), 76–77; Robert Williams and Philip Cantelon, eds., The American Atom: A Documentary History of Nuclear Policies from the Discovery of Fission to the Present, 1939–1984 (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984), 19–23.
95. Rhodes (1986), 372.
96. The Australian naturally assumed that Oppenheimer’s presence during his discussions with Lawrence meant that Oppie, too, had been initiated into the secrets of the uranium project. Powers (1993), 174; “Diary Notes of Donald Cooksey,” folder 23, carton 4, EOL; Compton (1956), 6.
97. Rhodes (1986), 373.
98. Compton (1956), 6.
99. The lecture concluded with the demonstration of a radiosodium tracer. Two Rad Lab alumni, current members of the Chicago faculty, drank the isotope cocktail.
100. Compton (1956), 7.
101. Smyth (1989), 52.
102. Heilbron and Seidel (1989), 523.
103. Ibid., 515.
104. Childs (1968), 317.
105. Hershberg (1993), 149.
106. Compton (1956), 8; Heilbron and Seidel (1989), 523.
107. Wallace was also a friend of Compton’s. Hewlett and Anderson (1990), 45.
108. Compton (1956), 55.
109. Childs (1968), 319; Hershberg (1993), 150; Powers (1993), 174; Oliphant to Oppenheimer, Sept. 25, 1941, box 53, JRO.
110. Transcript of Vannevar Bush interview, reel 1, Bush papers, MIT. Members of the Top Policy Group were Henry Wallace, Henry Stimson (secretary of war), and George Marshall (army chief of staff), as well as Bush and Conant.
111. Possibly with Lawrence in mind, Bush reminded committee members that “they [were] asked to report upon the techniques, and that considerations of general policy ha[d] not been turned over to them as a subject.” Rhodes (1986), 377–78; Hewlett and Anderson (1990), 45–46.
112. Lawrence later thought his own role, not Compton’s, crucial to FDR’s decision to proceed with the bomb. “Notes,” Nov. 27, 1945, folder 4, carton 29, EOL.
113. Rhodes (1986), 387.
114. Compton (1956), 56; Hershberg (1993), 139, 149.
115. Lawrence to Compton, Oct. 14, 1941, and Lawrence to Compton, Oct. 17, 1941, folder 19, carton 27, EOL.
3: A Useful Adviser
1. Smith and Weiner (1980), 216–17.
2. Even on the eve of the Nazi invasion, Oppenheimer was still evidently promoting the anti-interventionist cause. Author interview with Paul Pinsky, San Francisco, Calif., Sept. 3, 1997, Schwartz (1998), 333–34.
3. Minutes of meeting, Oct. 21, 1941, folder 1, carton 27, EOL.
4. Oppie also spoke of possible countermeasures to the bomb, including using the cyclotron beam as a kind of death ray to defend especially important targets. Minutes of meeting, Oct. 21, 1941, folder 1, carton 27, EOL.
5. Compton (1956), 57.
6. Lawrence to Compton, Oct. 22, 1941, folder 13, carton 22, EOL.
7. Hamilton, “A Report…,” Feb. 24, 1941, folder 25, carton 8, EOL.
8. Lawrence, “Historical Notes…,” 7, Mar. 26, 1945, folder 4, carton 29, EOL.
9. Hewlett and Anderson (1990), 36.
10. Rhodes (1986), 386.
11. Smyth (1989), 71–72; “Autobiography,” series 7, box 1, Smyth papers.
12. Lawrence to A. H. Compton, Nov. 29, 1941, folder 19, carton 27, EOL.
13. Smyth (1989), 188–89.
14. Mass spectrograph: Rhodes (1986), 487–88.
15. Hewlett and Anderson (1990), 44.
16. Smyth (1989), 66; Childs (1968), 320.
17. Hewlett and Anderson (1990), 57.
18. Smyth (1989), 66.
19. Bush to Lawrence, Dec. 13, 1941, folder 18, carton 27, EOL; Vincent Jones, U.S. Army in World War II, Special Studies, Manhattan: The Army and the Atomic Bomb (U.S. Government Printing Office, 1985), 34.
20. Chevalier (1965), 49.
21. Davis (1968), 120–21.
22. Kamen (1986), 148.
23. Childs (1968), 326–27; author interview with William Douglass, Orinda, Calif., Dec. 17, 1992.
24. Hewlett and Anderson (1990), 52.
25. Lawrence, “Historical Notes…” (1945).
26. Wilson interview (1996).
27. Ibid.
28. Isotron: Smyth (1989), 197–99; James Gleick, Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman (Pantheon, 1992), 143–44; “Final Report, Oct. 1943,” series 7, box 1, Smyth papers.
29. Wilson interview (1996).
30. Lawrence to Smyth, Dec. 29, 1941, Lawrence folder, box 24, Smyth papers.
31. Compton (1956), 58; Hewlett and Anderson (1990), 54.
32. Lawrence, “Historical Notes.…” (1945); Hewlett and Anderson (1990), 57.
33. Lawrence to A. H. Compton, Dec. 24, 1941, folder 19, carton 27, EOL.
34. Lawrence to Smyth and reply, Dec. 24, 1941, folder 24, carton 27, EOL.
35. Lawrence to Smyth, Dec. 29, 1941, no. 209, Bush-Conant file, records of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, RG 227, National Archives (OSRD/NARA).
36. Rhodes (1986), 388.
37. Alvarez (1987), 112–13.
38. Compton (1956), 81.
39. Compton to Lawrence, Aug. 25, 1945, folder 10,
