40. Lawrence to Conant, Jan. 24, 1942, folder 20, carton 27, EOL.
41. Alvarez (1970), 263–65.
42. Glenn Seaborg, Journals (Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 1992), vol. 1, 255–58.
43. Kamen (1986), 148–49; author interview with Kenneth Pitzer, Berkeley, Calif., May 30, 1997.
44. Transcript of Robert Stone oral history interview, Library Archive, UCSF.
45. Childs (1968), 331.
46. Author interview with Owen Chamberlain, Oakland, Calif., Aug. 4, 1993.
47. Hewlett and Anderson (1990), 57–58.
48. Ibid., 60–61.
49. Rhodes (1986), 406.
50. Lawrence to Briggs, Jan. 31, 1942, folder 17, carton 27, EOL.
51. Lawrence to Conant, Feb. 28, 1942, folder 20, carton 27, EOL.
52. Calutrons: Hewlett and Anderson (1990), 91–93, 142–45; Childs (1968), 335.
53. Lawrence to Conant, Mar. 13, 1942, folder 20, carton 27, EOL.
54. Lawrence to Conant, Mar. 26, 1942, folder 20, carton 27, EOL.
55. Lawrence to Conant, Mar. 26, 1942, folder 20, carton 27, EOL.
56. Childs (1968), 309.
57. Chevalier (1965), 31. Another of Oppenheimer’s early romantic interests—Ann Hoffman, Haakon Chevalier’s sister-in-law—observed of Oppie: “He liked to be fought over.” Author interview with Ann Hoffman, Mill Valley, Calif., May 1, 2001.
58. Kitty: Army Military Intelligence Division (MID) report on Katherine Harrison, Oct. 2, 1943, sec. 5, CINRAD file, no. 100–190625, FBI; Rhodes (1995), 122.
59. Schwartz (1998), 360.
60. Stern (1969), 30.
61. Army MID reports, Sept. 2, 1943, and Oct. 28, 1943, sec. 5, CINRAD file, FBI.
62. Tolman: Serber (1998), 35.
63. Serber (1998), 60.
64. Telegram, Nov. 1, 1940, folder 9, carton 14, EOL; Serber (1998), 58–60; Smith and Weiner (1980), 214; Molly Lawrence interview (1992).
65. Chevalier (1965), 38.
66. Frank: Transcript of interview with Frank Oppenheimer, Bancroft Library; summary report, Apr. 22, 1947, COMRAP file, 60–62, FBI.
67. Transcript of 1985 Frank Oppenheimer interview, Caltech archives.
68. ITMOJRO, 101. Caltech president Robert Mullikan told the FBI that he considered Frank “an appendage to his brother, not so capable and a close follower of his brother’s ideas.” Army MID report on Robert Oppenheimer, Aug. 27, 1943, box 1, JRO/AEC.
69. Robert to Frank Oppenheimer, n.d., box 1, Frank Oppenheimer papers.
70. Robert to Frank Oppenheimer, Mar. 12, 1930, box 1, Frank Oppenheimer papers.
71. Smith and Weiner (1980), 158. Interviewed by the FBI, Caltech physicist Charles Lauritsen, a friend of Frank’s, described him as “very hard to understand [and] not too prone to accept discipline and leadership by others.” Army MID report, Sept. 7, 1943, sec. 5, CINRAD file, FBI.
72. Transcript of Frank Oppenheimer interview, Caltech archives.
73. ITMOJRO, 9, 101.
74. Transcript of Frank Oppenheimer interview, Caltech archives. Copies of the couple’s party membership cards, later obtained by the House Committee on Un-American Activities, show that they paid dues from 1937 to 1939; Frank claimed that both he and Jackie quit the party in 1941. Romerstein and Breindel (2000), 272–73. Robert told the FBI that he had tried to talk Frank out of joining the party and thought he had succeeded, only to find out that his brother joined a week later. ITMOJRO, 184.
75. Iris Chang, Thread of the Silkworm (Basic Books, 1995), 80, 159.
76. Smith and Weiner (1980), 195; ITMOJRO, 102.
77. Army MID report on Frank Oppenheimer, July 28, 1943, series 8, box 100, records of the Manhattan Engineer District, RG 77, National Archives (MED/NARA); summary report, Jan. 31, 1947, CINRAD file, FBI.
78. ITMOJRO, 199.
79. Ibid., 117.
80. “Q: You knew that if it were known that your brother was a member of the Communist Party, he could not get the job, didn’t you? A: Yes. My honor was a little bit involved because of my having talked to Lawrence.” ITMOJRO, 187.
81. Childs (1968), 320.
82. Clifford Durr to Frank Oppenheimer, Dec. 10, 1969, Durr folder, box 1, Frank Oppenheimer papers.
83. Tenney Committee: David Caute, The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge Under Truman and Eisenhower (Simon and Schuster, 1978), 77; Edward Barrett, The Tenney Committee: Legislative Investigation of Subversive Activities in California (Cornell University Press, 1951); and Ingrid Scobie, Jack B. Tenney: Molder of Anti-Communist Legislation in California, 1940–49 (University Microfilms, 1970).
84. “I may be out of a job by [April],” Oppenheimer wrote to a friend, “because UC is going to be investigated next week for radicalism and the story is that the committee members are no gentlemen and that they don’t like me.” Smith and Weiner (1980), 216.
85. After his expulsion, May became the education director of the Communist Party in Alameda County. Ellen Schrecker, No Ivory Tower: McCarthyism and the Universities (Oxford University Press, 1986), 74–75, 135; Schwartz (1998), 322.
86. ITMOJRO, 156.
87. San Francisco field report, Nov. 18, 1952, 65, sec. 14, JRO/FBI.
88. FAECT file, no. 61–7231, and Marcel Scherer file, no. 100–34665, FBI; Pinsky interview (1997).
89. Pinsky claimed that Oppie joined FAECT in either 1939 or 1940. George Engebretson, A Man of Vision: The Story of Paul Pinsky (HICL, 1997), 15; Pinsky interview 1997. David Jenkins, a Bay Area labor leader and Communist, remembered in a 1980 interview that “Oppenheimer had been helpful to [FAECT] in organizing the Shell scientists and technical workers, and, of course, knew Pinsky.” Transcript of David Jenkins interview, Bancroft Library.
90. FAECT was interested in replacing the American Association of Scientific Workers, which was also riven by factional fighting, and which Oppenheimer had joined in 1939. Chevalier (1965), 38. The FBI considered FAECT “communist-dominated.” AASW and FAECT: Donald Strickland, Scientists in Politics: The Atomic Scientists Movement, 1945–46 (Purdue University Press, 1968), 82; Peter Kuznick, Beyond the Laboratory: Scientists as Political Activists in 1930s America (University of Chicago Press, 1987), 230–31.
91. Kamen (1986), 184–85; transcript of Martin Kamen interview, Bancroft Library. The FBI identified Eltenton as the “ringleader” of Shell’s FAECT Local 25. San Francisco field report, Apr. 7, 1943, sec. 3, FAECT file, FBI.
92. Oppenheimer claimed in 1954 that he opposed joining the union, the American Association of Scientific Workers, at this meeting. ITMOJRO, 131. Kamen, however, asserted in his memoir that Oppenheimer was a vocal advocate of AASW. Kamen (1986), 183–86. Since Oppenheimer volunteered to hold the meeting in his own home and had previously championed FAECT’s cause, Kamen’s account seems the more plausible. Kamen interview (1997).
93. Kamen (1986), 185.
94. Kamen made a futile attempt to tell Lawrence his side of
