105. Lansdale to Strong, Apr. 5, 1943, “DSM Project” folder, box 2, Pash papers.
106. Lyall Johnson, July 19, 1996, personal communication.
107. Author interview with Lyall Johnson, Washington, D.C., Sept. 12, 1996.
108. House on Forest Avenue: John Titus to Groves, Feb. 20, 1946, file 132.2, entry 5, MED/NARA; Lyall Johnson interview (1996).
109. Stanley Goldberg, Aug. 13, 1994, personal communication; Jones (1985), 125; author interview with Harold Fidler, Oakland, Calif., Dec. 16, 1992.
110. Goodchild (1980), 87.
111. DeSilva: Davis (1968), 188–89; Hoddeson et al. (1993), 96. Pash and de Silva found the instructions puzzling; Lansdale seemed to be suggesting that they not scrutinize Oppenheimer too closely. Lansdale to Pash, Mar. 13, 1943, box 1, JRO/AEC.
112. Hoover’s Mar. 1943 letter to General Strong wrongly asserted that Lomanitz had been present in the meeting with Nelson and volunteered to commit espionage.
113. Lomanitz interview (1996).
114. De Silva to Lansdale, June 12, 1943, box 3, JRO/AEC.
115. Weinberg to “Opje,” Apr. 12, 1943, box 77, JRO. Technically, Weinberg’s conversation with Nelson in late March may not have violated the security act, since Weinberg filled out the OSRD’s personnel security questionnaire on Apr. 14, 1943, and was put on the Rad Lab payroll on Apr. 27. Marshall to Groves, July 24, 1943, entry 8, box 100, MED/NARA. When Nelson asked whether any experiments had yet been conducted, Joe’s answer indicates that his friends were still being tight-lipped: “Joe stated that he did not know, that he had asked his friends the results of the tests but that they had refused to say, these friends feeling that possession of the knowledge was extremely dangerous.” Transcript, entry 8, box 100, MED/NARA.
116. Eldred Nelson interview (1997).
117. Hoover to Strong, June 22, 1943, sec. 4, CINRAD file, FBI.
118. They were, observed one reader of the transcripts, “the most boring conversations imaginable.” Weinberg folder, CINRAD file, FBI. My thanks to Stan Norris for copies of CINRAD documents on the investigation of Weinberg and his family.
119. Weinberg’s Rad Lab personnel file contained this notation by a security agent, quoting Birge: “Oppenheimer knows all about this man. If he wants W. it is his decision.” Marshall to Groves, July 24, 1943, entry 8, box 100, MED/NARA.
120. Lansdale to Strong, June 12, 1943, entry 8, box 100, MED/NARA.
121. ITMOJRO, 197.
122. Ibid., 116.
123. Hawkins: Hawkins MID file, Sept. 20, 1943, entry 8, box 100, MED/NARA; “Subject: David Hawkins,” June 29, 1943, box 1, JRO/AEC.
124. Serber interview (1992).
125. Murray to “Officer in Charge,” July 14, 1943, and Pash to Lansdale, June 29, 1943, box 1, JRO/AEC.
126. Calvert to Pash, July 6, 1943, box 1, JRO/AEC.
127. Ladd to Hoover, Apr. 24, 1943, and Pieper to Hoover, June 30, 1943, sec. 4, CINRAD file, FBI.
128. Lansdale to Groves, July 6, 1943, entry 8, box 99, MED/NARA. On plans to replace Oppenheimer, see also Pieper to Hoover, June 30, 1943, sec. 4, CINRAD file, FBI.
129. Welch to Ladd, July 28, 1943, sec. 4, CINRAD file, FBI.
130. Groves to “District Engineer,” July 20, 1943, entry 8, box 99, MED/NARA.
6: A Question of Divided Loyalties
1. Lansdale to Groves, Aug. 12, 1943, box 9, AEC/JRO.
2. Lansdale, “Military Service,” 35; author interview with John Lansdale, Washington, D.C., Sept. 28, 1993.
3. Welch to Ladd, July 28, 1943, sec. 4, CINRAD file, FBI.
4. Jones (1985), 128.
5. Beta Calutrons: Hewlett and Anderson (1990), 295.
6. Y-12: Jones (1985), 130; Hewlett and Anderson (1990), 129.
7. Jones (1985), 132; Childs (1968), 343; Anthony Cave Brown and Charles MacDonald, eds., The Secret History of the Atomic Bomb (Delta Books, 1977), 159.
8. Brown and MacDonald (1977), 169.
9. Minutes of Feb.–Apr. 1943 Coordinating Committee, book 1, box 27, LBL; Jones (1985), 142.
10. Transcript of Aug. 16, 1943, telephone conversation, book 1, box 1, records of the Radiation Laboratory (Rad Lab records), Bancroft Library.
11. Minutes of Sept. 2, 1943, Coordinating Committee, book 2, box 27, LBL.
12. Minutes of Nov. 4, 1943, Coordinating Committee, book 3, box 27, LBL.
13. Welch to Ladd, Apr. 12, 1943, sec. 1, CINRAD file, FBI.
14. Hoover to Strong, June 22, 1943, sec. 4, CINRAD file, FBI.
15. Pieper to Hoover, July 23, 1943, sec. 4, CINRAD file, FBI.
16. Welch to Ladd, July 23, 1943, sec. 5, CINRAD file, FBI.
17. Weinberg folder, CINRAD file, FBI.
18. Interviews: King and Bowser (1997).
19. Groves to Wallace, Stimson, and Marshall, Aug. 21, 1943, no. 61, Harrison-Bundy file, MED/NARA.
20. Groves to Bundy, Aug. 17, 1943, no. 61, Harrison-Bundy file, MED/NARA.
21. Stimson to FDR, Sept. 9, 1943, no. 61, Harrison-Bundy file, MED/NARA.
22. Stimson to Roosevelt, Oct. 20, 1943, no. 61, Harrison-Bundy file, MED/NARA.
23. Roosevelt to Stimson, Oct. 26, 1943, no. 61, Harrison-Bundy file, MED/NARA.
24. Anna Marie Rosenberg to Roosevelt, Nov. 2, 1943, no. 61, Harrison-Bundy file, MED/NARA.
25. Author interview with Lyall Johnson, Washington, D.C., Feb. 11, 1993.
26. Oppenheimer-Lomanitz meeting: ITMOJRO, 128, 136, 208.
27. Oppenheimer-Weinberg/Bohm meeting: Ibid., 208–9, 277.
28. Tipped off to a meeting of the four suspects with Steve Nelson and Bernadette Doyle at Weinberg’s flat, army CIC agents crowded onto the landing of an adjoining building on the evening of Aug. 17, 1943.
29. Weinberg to Oppenheimer, Apr. 12, 1943, box 77, JRO.
30. Summary report, Dec. 15, 1944, COMRAP file, FBI.
31. Lyall Johnson, May 1, 2000, personal communication.
32. Oppenheimer-Pash interview: ITMOJRO, 845–63; Lyall Johnson, Apr. 4, 1997, personal communication.
33. Ironically, Oppenheimer suggested that Pash find out the names on his own by planting a spy in FAECT.
34. King interview (1997).
35. The Aug. 7 letter was probably written by Lieutenant Colonel Mironov of the NKVD, an aide to Zubilin. Mironov was subsequently recalled and confined to a mental institution in the Soviet Union. Weinstein and Vassiliev (1999), 274–75. The anonymous letter is reprinted in Benson and Warner (1996), 51–54.
36. King interview (1997); ITMOJRO, 813; Lansdale to Hoover and Whitson, Aug. 27, 1943, USSR file, no. 47C, U.S. Army Chief of Staff records (Army/NARA), RG 319, National Archives.
37. Murray to “Officer in Charge,” Sept. 6, 1943, Weinberg folder, CINRAD file, FBI.
38. Pieper-Hoover, Sept. 8, 1943, sec. 6, CINRAD file, FBI.
39. Lansdale to
