26. Groves to Chief of Staff, Aug. 23, 1945, “Postwar Bomb Production,” MED history, Army/NARA.
27. Early postwar U.S. war plans: Rhodes (1995), 23–24; Gregg Herken, The Winning Weapon; The Atomic Bomb in the Cold War (Knopf, 1980), 195–218.
28. Teller to Maria Mayer, n.d. (Aug.–Sept. 1945), box 3, Mayer papers.
29. Teller to Mulliken, Sept. 22, 1945; and Teller to Mayer, Sept. 25, 1945, LANL.
30. Teller (2001), 105; Blumberg and Owens (1976), 13–20; Teller interview (1993).
31. Wheeler to Teller, Aug. 12, 1945, Teller file, LANL.
32. John Wheeler and Kenneth Ford, Geons, Black Holes and Quantum Foam: A Life in Physics (Norton, 1998), 190.
33. Blumberg and Owens (1976), 185. Teller’s anti-Russian views and his pessimism about the future were also reflected in other correspondence at this time. Teller to Stephen Brunauer, Dec. 29, 1945, Teller file, LANL.
34. Chemist George Kistiakowsky recalled Teller coming to him in late 1944 or early 1945 with a request that he and his division work on the Super. Kistiakowsky said his refusal cooled his subsequent relations with Teller. Carl Sagan interview with George Kistiakowsky, Feb. 1982, 137. My thanks to Steven Soter for a copy of the Sagan interview.
35. Teller wrote to his usual confidante that he was conflicted about whether to stay at the lab or go to Chicago. Teller to Mayer, n.d. (Mar. 1945), box 3, Mayer papers.
36. Lawrence to Lewis Akeley, Aug. 16, 1945, folder 12, carton 1; transcript, “The Atomic Bomb Project,” Aug. 17, 1945, folder 27, carton 40, EOL.
37. “The Atomic Bomb Project,” Aug. 17, 1945, folder 27, carton 40, EOL.
38. Minutes, Committee on Finance and Business Management (CFBM), Sept. 4, 1945, records of the University of California, Oakland, Calif. (UC).
39. Lawrence to Groves, July 13, 1945, folder 38, carton 29, EOL.
40. Oppenheimer to Deutsch, Aug. 24, 1945, reprinted in Smith and Weiner (1980), 295; telegram, Stewart to Underhill, Aug. 17, 1945, and Nichols to Underhill, Aug. 20, 1945, folder 5, box 5, Underhill papers, LANL.
41. Neylan: Biographical sketch, n.d., John Neylan papers, Bancroft Library. The author would like to thank the president and regents of the University of California for allowing him access to these restricted papers.
42. The previous May, Neylan had vigorously protested Sproul’s plan to award an honorary degree to Soviet foreign minister Molotov at Berkeley’s 1945 commencement. Neylan to Sproul, May 1, 1945, folder 12, box 157, Neylan papers.
43. Minutes of regents meeting, Aug. 24, 1945, and Underhill to Neylan, Aug. 24, 1945, folder 1, box 171, Neylan papers.
44. Fidler to Washington Liaison Office, Aug. 20, 1945, box 3, AEC/JRO.
45. Ibid.
46. Fidler to Washington Liaison Office, Aug. 11, 1945, box 3, AEC/JRO.
47. Bernstein (1990), 1396.
48. “Report on Soviet Espionage in the United States,” Nov. 27, 1945, entry 11, RG 233 (Dies Committee records), National Archives.
49. Hoover to Attorney General, Dec. 4, 1945, and July 11, 1946, sec. 3, Eltenton file, FBI.
50. That October, the NKVD learned about the FBI’s electronic surveillance in documents obtained from a source in the Justice Department. The woman who spied on the bureau—Judith Coplon, code-named Sima—provided Moscow with a copy of a May 1943 FBI memo concerning phone conversations between Robert Oppenheimer, Chevalier, and Thomas Addis. Following the twin defections of Elizabeth Bentley, a longtime courier in Washington, and Igor Gouzenko, a code clerk at the Soviet embassy in Ottowa that fall, Moscow instructed its control officers in the United States to break off contact with their active agents. Weinstein and Vassiliev (1999), 216, 276, 286.
51. San Francisco to Moscow, Nov. 13, 1945; San Francisco to Moscow, Sept. 13, 1945, Venona decrypts.
52. San Francisco to Moscow, Nov. 27, 1945, Venona decrypts.
53. John Titus to Groves, Feb. 20, 1946, entry 5, file 132.2, MED/NARA.
54. Lyall Johnson interview (1996); Harold Marsh, Mar. 31, 1997, personal communication.
55. Sept. 13, 1945, Cooksey diary, box 4, folder 23, EOL; Alvarez interview (1983); Alvarez (1987), 155.
56. Linac: Alvarez to Lawrence, Apr. 9, 1945, folder 16, carton 1, EOL; transcripts of telephone conversations, Apr. 14 and May 9, 1945, book 7, box 1, Rad Lab records. The surplus tubes, however, proved unusable for the Linac and remained in the warehouse. Childs (1968), 375; Alvarez (1987), 153–54.
57. McMillan and Synchrotron: Alvarez (1987), 154, 160; McMillan interview, Bancroft Library; McMillan, “Value of the Synchrotron as a Source of High-energy Electrons,” Nov. 29, 1945, folder 31, carton 12, EOL; Edward Lofgren, “The Principle of Phase Stability and the Accelerator Program at Berkeley, 1945–1954,” 1994, LBL. The phase stability principle was independently discovered at about the same time by Russian physicist V. I. Veksler.
58. Segrè (1993), 208–9.
59. Seaborg (1992), vol. 4, 99, 174.
60. Segrè (1993), 210–11.
61. Transcript of Serber lecture, “War: Tinian and Japan,” June 7, 1994, Brookhaven National Laboratory, N. Y.
62. Smith and Weiner (1980), 313.
63. Telegram, F. Oppenheimer to Lawrence, Aug. 18, 1945, folder 5, carton 29, and Lawrence to F. Oppenheimer, Jan. 31, 1945, folder 11, carton 46, EOL.
64. Fidler interview (1992).
65. Transcript of speech, Nov. 27, 1945, unmarked folder, carton 1, Frank Oppenheimer papers; summary report, July 23, 1947, and San Francisco field report, Frank Oppenheimer file, FBI. According to FBI documents, Frank’s speeches had been cleared in advance by army censors.
66. ITMOJRO, 4. Frank never gave the class; the head of the school, David Jenkins, thought the topic too technical.
67. Frank Oppenheimer to Alvarez, “Magnet Design for Linac,” Oct. 9, 1946, “Linear Accelerator—Correspondence” folder, box 1, Alvarez papers, SBFRC.
68. “History of the University of California Radiation Laboratory,” undated, box 171, folder 1, Neylan papers.
69. Sproul thought the results “good not great.” Notes of telephone conversation, Oct. 3, 1945, memos, Sproul papers; minutes, Jan. 4, 1946, Committee on Finance and Budget Management, University of California archives (CFMB); Lawrence to Loomis, June 15, 1946, folder 8, carton 46, EOL.
70. However, the cross-country recruiting drive that Lawrence and Cooksey began near war’s end would mean an overall increase in the research staff.
71. Lofgren interview (1998); Panofsky interview (1993).
72. York (1987), 31; York interview (1997).
73. “Recommended Program for the
