163 Curious about how much fast food: The precise figure for expenditure on food away from home is 47.5 percent of the food budget, on average (source: USDA Economic Research Service online “Briefing Room” data). See also Shanthy A. Bowman, Steven L. Gortmaker, Cara B. Ebbeling, et al., “Effects of Fast-Food Consumption on Energy Intake and Diet Quality among Children in a National Household Survey,” Pediatrics 113, no. 1 (2004): 112–118; Lisa Mancino, Jessica E. Todd, Joanne Guthrie, et al., How Food Away from Home Affects Children’s Diet Quality (US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 2010); S. A. French, M. Story, D. Neumark-Sztainer, et al., “Fast Food Restaurant Use Among Adolescents: Associations with Nutrient Intake, Food Choices and Behavioral and Psychosocial Variables,” International Journal of Obesity 25, no. 12 (2001): 1823–1833.
164 In France, only 20 percent of the food budget: INSEE (2011) Dépenses alimentaires et part de la restauration dans le budget des ménages. Paris: Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques; Jean-Luc Volatier, Le repas traditionnel se porte encore bien. (Paris: CRÉDOC, CAFF; 1999).
165 French youth—my husband among them: Rick Fantasia, “Fast Food in France,” Theory and Society 24, no. 2 (1995): 201–243.
165 Some of our friends worried: The term was apparently originally coined by American sociologist George Ritzer in his book The McDonaldization of Society (Newbury Park, Calif.: Pine Forge Press, 1993), but is also used in France. See Claude Fischler, “The McDonaldization of Culture,” in Food: A Culinary History from Antiquity to the Present, edited by Jean Louis Flandrin, Massimo Montanari, Albert Sonnerfeld, et al. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2008), 530–547; A. Hubert, “Evolution of Food Consumption and Lifestyles in France in the Past 50 Years,” Rivista di Antopologia supplement 76 (1998): 229–235; Jacqueline Scali, Aurélia Richard, and Mariette Gerber, “Diet Profiles in a Population Sample from Mediterranean Southern France,” Public Health Nutrition 4, no. 2 (2001): 173–182; Pierre Combris and Jean-Luc Volatier, “L’évolution des comportements alimentaires des Français et de leurs attitudes nutritionnelles,” La lettre scientifique de l’institut français pour la nutrition 56 (1998): 9–10; J. P. Poulain, “The Contemporary Diet in France: ‘De-Structuration’ or from Commensalism to Vagabond Feeding,” Appetite 39, no. 1 (2002) 43–55.
165–66 Bruno Rebelle, head of Greenpeace France: Florence Williams, “The Roquefort Files,” Outside, June 1, 2001.
171 “Cooking can be an act”: J. Luhrs, The Simple Living Guide (NY: Broadway Books), p. 244.
171 But now it brought to mind: Rigal, La naissance du goût.
Tips and Tricks, Rules and Routines for Healthy, Happy Eaters
212 For example, kids who have authoritative parents: Karen Weber Cullen, Tom Baranowski, Latroy Rittenberry, et al., “Social-Environmental Influences on Children’s Diets: Results from Focus Groups with African-, Euro- and Mexican-American Children and Their Parents,” Health Education Research 15, no. 5 (2000): 581–590; Sara Gable and Susan Lutz, “Household, Parent, and Child Contributions to Childhood Obesity,” Family Relationships 49, no. 3 (2000): 293–300; Heather Patrick, Theresa A. Nicklas, Sheryl O. Hughes, et al., “The Benefits of Authoritative Feeding Style: Caregiver Feeding Styles and Children’s Food Consumption Patterns,” Appetite 44, no. 2 (2005): 243–249. Kyung E. Rhee, Julie C. Lumeng, Danielle P. Appugliese, et al., “Parenting Styles and Overweight Status in First Grade,” Pediatrics 117, no. 6 (2006): 2047–2054; Kristen M. Hurley, Matthew B. Cross, and Sheryl O. Hughes, “A Systematic Review of Responsive Feeding and Child Obesity in High-Income Countries,” Journal of Nutrition 141 (2011): 495–501.
212 In contrast, children whose parents: J. L. Carper et al., “Young Girls’ Emerging Dietary Restraint and Disinhibition”; Jennifer O. Fisher and Leann Lipps Birch, “Restricting Access to Foods and Children’s Eating,” Appetite 32, no. 3 (1999): 405–419; Hurley et al., “A Systematic Review of Responsive Feeding.”
216 This is especially true for lunch: Mathé, La gastronomie s’inscrit dans la continuité du modèle alimentaire français; SHRM, Pressure to Work: Employee Perspective (Alexandria, Virginia: Society for Human Resources Management, 2009).
217 And some scientific research does show: L. L. Birch and M. Deysher, “Conditioned and Unconditioned Caloric Compensation: Evidence for Self-Regulation of Food Intake in Young Children,” Learning and Motivation 16, no. 3 (1985): 341–355; de Castro et al., “Culture and Meal Patterns.”
225 Basically, science doesn’t provide: P. K. Newby, “Are Dietary Intakes and Eating Behaviors Related to Childhood Obesity? A Comprehensive Review of the Evidence,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 35, no. 1 (2007): 35–60.
227 This is basic psychology for the French: Brian Wansink, Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More than We Think (New York: Bantam, 2006)
228 The result, as nutritionists warn: Piernas and Popkin, “Trends in Snacking.”
231 And strictly serving only healthy: Susan L. Johnson and Leann L. Birch, “Parents’ and Children’s Adiposity and Eating Style,” Pediatrics 94, no. 5 (1994): 653–661; L. L. Birch and J. O. Fisher, “Development of Eating Behaviors Among Children and Adolescents,” Pediatrics 101, no. 3, pt. 2 (1998): 539–549; Leann L. Birch, Linda McPhee, B. C. Shoba, et al., “‘Clean up Your Plate’: Effects of Child Feeding Practices on the Conditioning of Meal Size,” Learning and Motivation 18, no. 3 (1987): 301–317; Jennifer S. Savage, Jennifer Orlet Fisher, and Leann L. Birch, “Parental Influence on Eating Behavior: Conception to Adolescence,” Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 35, no. 1 (2007): 22–34.
231 Studies of adolescent girls, in particular: Leann L. Birch, Jennifer Orlet Fisher, Kirsten Krahnstoever Davison, “Learning to Overeat: Maternal Use of Restrictive Feeding Practices Promotes Girls’ Eating in the Absence of Hunger,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 78, no. 2 (2003): 215–220; Carper et al., “Young Girls’ Emerging Dietary Restraint and Disinhibition”; Fisher and Birch, “Restricting Access to Foods”; Fisher et al., “Parental Influences”; Amy T. Galloway, Laura Fiorito, Yoonna Lee, et al., “Parental Pressure, Dietary Patterns, and Weight Status Among Girls Who Are ‘Picky Eaters,’” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 105, no. 4 (2005): 541–548; Yoona Lee, Diane C. Mitchell, Helen Smiciklas-Wright, et al., “Diet Quality, Nutrient Intake, Weight Status, and Feeding Environments
