122 As I read in another book: Rigal, La naissance du goût.
123 But I had also learned from my research: Leann L. Birch, Linda McPhee, B. C. Shoba, et al., “What Kind of Exposure Reduces Children’s Food Neophobia? Looking vs. Tasting,” Appetite 9, no. 3 (1987): 171–178.
128 But what was fascinating was that kids: Janette Greenhalgh, Alan J. Dowey, Pauline J. Horne, et al., “Positive and Negative Peer Modeling Effects on Young Children’s Consumption of Novel Blue Foods,” Appetite 52, no. 3 (2009): 646–653.
129 We ate exactly what they ate: Leann Lipps Birch, Jennifer Orlet Fisher, Helen Smiciklas-Wright, et al., “Eat as I Do Not as I Say: Parental Influences on Young Girls’ Calcium Intakes,” Journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 13 (1999): A593; Jennifer Orlet Fisher, Diane C. Mitchell, Helen Smiciklas-Wright, et al., “Parental Influences on Young Girls’ Fruit and Vegetable, Micronutrient, and Fat Intakes,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 102, no. 1 (2002): 58–64.
Chapter 7: Four Square Meals a Day: Why French Kids Don’t Snack
134 Traditional French nursery rhyme: The English translation is slightly adapted in order to mimic the rhyming structure of the original nursery rhyme.
136 And I was amazed to learn: Lisa Jahns, Anna Maria Siega-Riz, and Barry M. Popkin, “The Increasing Prevalence of Snacking Among US Children from 1977 to 1996,” Journal of Pediatrics 138, no. 4 (2001): 493–498; Carmen Piernas and Barry M. Pop-kin, “Trends in Snacking among U.S. Children,” Health Affairs 29, no. 3 (2010): 398–404.
136 For most French parents and children: INPES, La santé vient en mangeant et en bougeant: le guide nutrition des enfants et ados pour tous les parents (Paris: Institut National de Prevention et d’Éducation pour la Santé, 2004).
137 I found it hard to imagine: Carmen Piernas and Barry M. Pop-kin, “Snacking Increased among U.S. Adults between 1977 and 2006,” Journal of Nutrition 140, no. 2 (2010): 325–332.
137 And I doubted that Americans were eating: France Bellisle, Anne Marie Dalix, L. Mennen, et al., “Contribution of Snacks and Meals in the Diet of French Adults: A Diet-Diary Study,” Physiology and Behavior 79, no. 2 (2003): 183–189; France Bellisle, Marie Françoise Rolland-Cachera, and the Kellogg Scientific Advisory Committee, “Three Consecutive (1993, 1995, 1997) Surveys of Food Intake, Nutritional Attitudes and Knowledge, and Lifestyle in 1000 French Children, Aged 9–11 Years,” Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 13, no. 2 (2000): 101–111. See also the reports produced by the Nutrinet study: www.etude-nutrinet-sante.fr.
138 No snacks are served at school: AFSSA–Saisine no 2003-SA-0281: Avis de l’Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments (AfSSA), relatif à la collation matinale à l’école (2004); Alain Bocquet, Jean-Louis Bresson, André Briend, et al., “La collation de 10 heures en milieu scolaire : un apport alimentaire inadapté et superflu,” Archives de Pédiatrie 10 (2003): 945–947; H. Thibault, C. Carriere, C. Langevin, et al., “La collation à l’école maternelle: évolution des perceptions et pratiques des enseignants d’Aquitaine entre 2004 et 2008,” Archives de Pédiatrie 17, no. 11 (November 2010): 1516–1521.
140 Our kids are drinking less milk: Rhonda S. Sebastian, Linda E. Cleveland, and Joseph D. Goldman, “Effect of Snacking Frequency on Adolescents’ Dietary Intakes and Meeting National Recommendations,” Journal of Adolescent Health 42 (2008): 503–511; Y. Claire Wang, Sara N. Bleich, and Steven L. Gortmaker, “Increasing Caloric Contribution from Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and 100% Fruit Juices among U.S. Children and Adolescents, 1988–2004,” Pediatrics 121, no. 6 (2008): el604–el614.
147 This is, of course, exactly the mix of foods: Hector Araya and Jacqueline Hills, “Short-Term Satiety in Preschool Children: A Comparison Between High Protein Meal and a High Complex Carbohydrate Meal,” International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition 51, no. 2 (2000): 119–124. See also Jean-Xavier Guinard and Patrice Brun, “Sensory-Specific Satiety: Comparison of Taste and Texture Effects,” Appetite 31 (1998): 141–157; S. H. Holt, J. C. Miller, P. Petocz, et al., “A Satiety Index of Common Foods,” European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 49, no. 9 (1995): 675–690; Susanna H. A. Holt, Jennie C. Brand-Miller, and Paul A. Stitt, “The Effects of Equal-Energy Portions of Different Breads on Blood Glucose Levels, Feelings of Fullness and Subsequent Food Intake,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 101, no. 7 (2001): 767–773; C. Marmonier, D. Chapelot, and J. Louis-Sylvestre, “Effects of Macronutrient Content and Energy Density of Snacks Consumed in a Satiety State on the Onset of the Next Meal,” Appetite 34, no. 2 (2000): 161–168.
147 As a result of eating this way: John M. de Castro, France Bellisle, Gerda I. J. Feunekes, et al., “Culture and Meal Patterns: A Comparison of the Food Intake of Free-Living American, Dutch, and French Subjects,” Nutrition Research 17, no. 5 (1997): 807–829.
Chapter 8: Slow Food Nation: It’s Not Only What You Eat, It’s Also How You Eat
156 This eighteenth-century French song: The melody was first known as “Ah! vous dirai-je, Maman,” and appeared somewhere between 1760 and 1770, in “Les amusements d’une heure et demy [demie]” by M. Bouin. See Robert A. Green, The Hurdy-Gurdy in Eighteenth-Century France (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1995). Mozart later wrote twelve variations on this theme.
158 Table: Working Mothers: Sources for statistics: Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques and US Bureau of Labor Statistics. Women in the Labor Force: A Databook (2010 Edition), BLS Report 1026, December 2010.
159 It wasn’t the amount of time spent cooking: OECD, Society at a Glance 2011-OECD Social Indicators (Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2011).
160 And this doesn’t include shopping: L’enquête sur les comportements et consommations alimentaires en France (CRÉDOC, CCAF, 2007).
161 The French are at the opposite extreme: Rozin et al., “Attitudes to Food and the Role of Food.”
162 The serving sizes were wildly different: Paul
