42 At school, under the influence: Leann Lipps Birch, “Effects of Peer Models’ Food Choices and Eating Behaviors on Preschoolers’ Food Preferences,” Child Development 51, no. 2 (1980): 489–496; Elsa Adessi, Amy Galloway, Elisabette Visalberghi, et al., “Specific Social Influences on the Acceptance of Novel Foods in 2–5-Year-Old Children,” Appetite 45, no. 3 (2005): 264–271.
42 “School is a privileged place”: “L’école est un lieu privilégié d’éducation au goût, à la nutrition et à la culture alimentaire.” www.education.gouv.fr/cidl38/la-restauration-au-lycee.html. Accessed November 1, 2011.
43 Entire books on this topic: Natalie Rigal, a developmental child psychologist, has written La naissance du goût: comment donner aux enfants le plaisir de manger (Paris: Agnès Viénot, 2000). See also Le goût chez les enfants (Paris: Flammarion, 2000) by French oenologist and “taste philosopher” Jacques Puisais, who created the Institut du Goût in 1976, and initially developed some of the “taste-training” ideas that are now used in French classrooms.
44 Edging closer: INPES, La santé vient en mangeant et en bougeant: Le guide nutrition des enfants et ados pour tous les parents (Paris: Institut National de Prévention et d’Éducation pour la Santé, 2004).
45 Schools, she proudly noted: See the research by the Institut du Goût (Paris) and the Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation (Dijon).
47 And low-income parents: Early Childhood Education and Care Policy in France (Paris: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2004). Marie-Thérèse Letablier, “Why France Has High Fertility: The Impact of Policies Supporting Parents,” Japanese Journal of Security Policy 7, no. 2 (2008): 41–56.
47 The French approach levels the playing field: Luc Bronner, “La place croissante de l’Islam en banlieu,” Le Monde, October 4, 2011.
48 This explanation made Madame’s: Nadine Neulat, “L’éducation nutritionnelle à l’école,” Enfances & Psy 27 (2005): 96–100.
52 But 60 percent of Americans: Claude Fischler and Estelle Masson, eds., Manger: Français, Européens et Américains face à l’alimentation (Paris: Odile Jacob, 2008).
Chapter 4: L’art de la table: A Meal with Friends, and a Friendly Argument
56 Children’s food is not fuel: Simone Gerber “L’empreinte de Françoise Dolto sur mon métier de pédiatre,” Le Coq-héron 168 (2002): 105–110.
74 Good taste (and thus good food): Claude Fischler, L’homnivore (Paris: Odile Jacob, 1990).
75 In France, Hugo explained: Thierry Mathé, Gabriel Tavoularis, and Thomas Pilorin, “La gastronomie s’inscrit dans la continuité du modèle alimentaire français,” Cahiers de Recherche 267 (2009).
Chapter 5: Food Fights: How Not to Get Your Kids to Eat Everything
80 Searching for an explanation: Trémolières’ last and probably best-known work is the book Partager le pain (To Break Bread Together), published in 1975.
92 Fischler’s work on adults: Fischler and Masson, eds., Manger.
93 In contrast, only 40 percent: Data from Child Trends Data Bank, available at www.childtrends.org.
Chapter 6: The Kohlrabi Experiment: Learning to Love New Foods
107 A decade ago: Elena Byrne and Susan Nitzke, “Preschool Children’s Acceptance of a Novel Vegetable Following Exposure to Messages in a Storybook,” Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 34, no. 3 (2002): 211–214.
109 And this starts early: Carolyn J. Gerrish and Julie A. Mennella, “Flavor Variety Enhances Food Acceptance in Formula-Fed Infants,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 73, no. 6 (2001): 1080–1085; Camille Schwartz, Claire Chabanet, Vincent Boggio, et al., “À quelles saveurs les nourrissons sont-ils exposés dans la première année de vie?” Archives de Pédiatrie 17, no. 7 (2010): 1026–1034; Sophie Nicklaus, Vincent Boggio, Claire Chabanet, et al., “A Prospective Study of Food Variety-Seeking in Childhood, Adolescence and Early Adult Life,” Appetite 44, no. 3 (2005): 288–297.
109 “Opposition to food can’t persist”: Vanessa Saab and William Memlouk, Mon bébé refuse de manger: L’aventure alimentaire du jeune enfant (Saint-Julien-en-Genevois Cedex: Jouvence, 2008).
110 And tasting new foods: Susan A. Sullivan and Leann L. Birch, “Infant Dietary Experience and Acceptance of Solid Foods,” Pediatrics 93, no. 2 (1994): 271–277; Camille Schwartz, Claire Chabanet, Christine Lange, et al., “The Role of Taste in Food Acceptance at the Beginning of Complementary Feeding,” Physiology and Behavior 104 no. 4 (2011): 646–652; Andrea Maier, Claire Chabanet, Benoit Schaal, et al., “Effects of Repeated Exposure on Acceptance of Initially Disliked Vegetables in 7-Month-Old Infants,” Food Quality and Preference 18 (2007): 1023–1032.
110 That’s not all: Rigal, La naissance du goût.
117 The French recommendation: The most recent report by the Institut de Veille Sanitaire (Situation nutritionelle en France en 2006, Paris: IVS) uses data gathered under France’s national nutrition and health program (Programme National Nutrition Santé).
117 In contrast, only about 10 percent: Barbara A. Lorson, Hugo R. Melgar-Quinonez, and Christopher A. Taylor, “Correlates of Fruit and Vegetable Intakes in US Children,” Journal of the American Dietetic Association 109, no. 3 (2009): 474–478.
117 And the most common type: Another interesting point is the difference between French and American food guidelines. The French have nine guidelines for exercise, limiting certain foods, and drinking water (called MangerBouger or EatMove); the guidelines specify variety as well as quantity of fruits and vegetables. In contrast, the American food guidelines (see myplate.gov, where a plate has replaced the well-known food pyramid) don’t mention exercise, and don’t specify how many types of fruits and vegetables to eat—they just specify a target proportion of total foods consumed.
118 If eating is something: Daniel Cappon, Eating, Loving, and Dying: A Psychology of Appetites (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973).
118 As the American Academy of Pediatrics: See the AAP’s Healthy Children website: www.healthychildren.org/english/ages-stages/baby/feeding-nutrition/pages/Switching-To-Solid-Foods.aspx. Accessed November 1, 2011.
118 The book contains some views: Laura A. Jana and Jennifer Shu, Food Fights: Winning the Nutritional Challenges of Parenthood Armed with the Insight, Humor, and a Bottle of Ketchup (Washington, D.C.: American Academy of Pediatrics, 2008).
118 The French equivalent of the AAP: Alain Bocquet, Jean-Louis Bressor, André Briend, et al., “Alimentation du nourrisson et de l’enfant en bas âge,” Archives de Pèdiatrie 10, no. 1 (2003) 76–81. (Feeding of infants and toddlers.) See also C. Turberg-Romain, B. Lelièvre, and M-F Le Huezey, “Conduite alimentaire des nourrissons et jeunes enfants âges de 1 à 36 mois en France: evolution des habitudes des mères,” Archives of Pediatrics 14 (2007): 1250–1258.
121 I read these with a growing sense: Claude Fischler and
