genetic variation 37–8
Plasmodium reichenowi 25–6, 37
in Greece 13–14, 17–18, 20–2, 31
Plasmodium vivax:
in Macedonia 127
association with desiccating
in Near East 32–3
marshes 71, 152
in North Africa 35
association with harvest 152
in Po delta 81–4
association with other diseases
in pregnancy 67–8
153–4
in Rome 62–3, 202–3, 219–33,
association with pilgrimage to
272–3, 276
Rome 158–60
in Sardinia 92–3, 127, 164–5
at Naples 153
in Sicily 36–9
at Ravenna 81–3
in Umbria 64–8
attacks Alcuin 130, 157–8
interaction with heart disease 130
clinical differentiation from P.
interaction with respiratory disease
falciparum 15–16
137–8
cross-reactions with P. falciparum
interaction with tuberculosis 137–9
155–6
pathology 125–6
cross-reactions with P. malariae 218
periodicity 8–11
demographic effects 151–66, 279
pernicious symptoms 16
duration 12
placental malaria 125–6
evolution 24–8
rapid growth rate in Europe 34
in Belgium and Holland 156
resistance to quinine 202
in England 151–8
seasonality in Rome 62–3
in Greece 13
similarity to typhoid 128
in India 166
temperature requirements 102
in the Marche 66
vitamin A supplements 149
in pregnancy 126
338
Index
Plasmodium vivax continued:
Procopius 57, 86, 146, 182, 216, 238
in Sardinia 223
Puccinotti, Francesco 9, 46
in Tuscany 189, 200
Punjab 146, 200
latency 131
Pupinius, ager 244–5
mortality rates 154–66
Pyrgi 69, 200
no cerebral malaria in 220–1
periodicity 8–11
qinghaosu 48
quotidian expression 132–3, 152
quartan fever 4, 9, 11–12, 14, 18, 52–4,
relation to Duffy antigen 28
62, 66, 71, 102, 121, 131–6, 156,
schizogony 125
218–19, 221, 226
targets reticulocytes 25
see also nephrotic syndrome;
temperature requirements 20–1,
Plasmodium malariae
102
quinine 11, 35, 48, 66, 112, 128, 147,
treatment with opium 156
154, 202–3, 220, 261, 280
see also tertian fever
Quintilian 190
Plautus, T. Maccius 192, 254
Quirinal, hill 202
Pliny the Elder 39, 48, 53, 63–4, 76,
quotidian fever 11, 16, 18, 37, 53, 121,
95, 108–9, 132–4, 157, 170, 172,
133, 137, 152, 158, 220–1, 223
177–8, 190, 192, 205, 211, 241, 245
Pliny the Younger 87, 105, 109, 111,
rainfall 29, 78, 109, 111, 122, 182, 216,
172, 197–8, 228, 236, 238, 240,
229
246, 257, 269–70, 278
Ravenna 45, 52, 64, 78–86, 89, 98,
Plutarch 39
198–9, 251, 256, 270
pneumonia 126, 136, 138
refractoriness 23, 33, 33–4, 36, 200
Po, river 40, 81–2, 85, 89, 142, 278
Regata 238
Poggio Gramignano 67
Regulus, M. Aquilius 228–9, 257
Pollusca 178
Regulus, M. Atilius 243, 245, 250
pollution, atmospheric, 229
relapsing fever 10
Polybius 178
respiratory distress 129, 136
Pompeii 57
reticulocytes 25
Ponte di Nona 260
Rhazes 134
Pontine Marshes 4, 43, 57, 74–5, 77–9,
riboflavin 142
87, 91, 100, 107, 119, 167–91, 230,
rice 44, 180
247, 252, 265
rickets:
Pontinia 170
in London 153
poppy, opium 157
in Rome 141
Populonia 108
rivers, see individual entries
Portus 86
roads 77, 93–5, 101, 236
Poseidonia, see Paestum
Rocca Massima 60
Poseidonius 221
Rome (city of):
Pratica di Mare 188–9
Alcuin in 157–8
Pratovecchio 162
contrast with Florence 117
pregnancy 73, 125–6
cult of Fever 50–2
Priam 21
effects of malaria on the elderly 130
Prilius lacus 69
effects of malaria on pilgrims 157–9
primigravidae 67, 125–6
effects of malaria on women 125
Priscianus, Theodorus 52
fish 69
Privernum 170, 189
floods 109
Index
339
gastro-intestinal diseases 129
Sardinia 22, 35, 38, 44, 90–3, 95, 100,
Horace Walpole in 9
118, 127, 143–4, 146, 162, 164–5,
interaction of malaria and smallpox
179, 200, 209, 223
124
Scansano 280
interaction of malaria and
Scaravazza, river 182
respiratory diseases 137–9
schizogony 11, 125
main discussion of malaria in
Scotland 22, 152, 156
201–32
seasonality 61, 63, 82, 165
Marchiafava’s and Celsus’
Selinus 38
descriptions of malaria 16–17
semitertian fever 14–15, 18–20, 54,
migration to 275–7
137, 209, 221–4, 258
multiple simultaneous infections
see also Plasmodium falciparum
37–8
Seneca the Younger 50
plague 273–4
Septimius Severus, emperor 156
population 247, 270–81
Serenus, Quintus 133–4, 224
rickets 141
Sermoneta 58, 119–20, 175, 187, 219
rivalry of doctors 135
Servius, commentator on Virgil 177,
Sardinia exports grain to 92
192
seasonality of malaria 62
Setia (Sezze) 4, 55–7, 186, 188–9,
sewers 77
247–50, 253–4
tall buildings 96–7
Settefinestre 145, 253
timber requirements 108
Sezze, see Setia
Trevi water and mosquitoes 46
Sicily 36–9, 44, 52, 73, 92, 105, 143,
typhomalarial fever 128
200, 252
winds 74
sickle-cell anaemia 30, 39, 90
see also entries for individual hills and
Sidonius Apollinaris 64, 79
districts
Siena 33, 280
Romulus 50, 201
Sila Forest 109
Roselle 40, 108, 111
Silius Italicus 87, 189
Ross, Ronald 49–50
Sipontum 265
Rovigo 83
Sirius, the Dog-Star 21, 62
Rufus of Ephesus 97
Sixtus V, pope 75, 204
Rutilius Claudius Namatianus 197–8,
slavery 39, 61, 90, 145, 148, 157, 187,
250
196, 205, 231, 245, 247–58, 271
smallpox 10, 124, 276, 284
Sabato, river 262
Smyrna 140
Sabaudia 5
Soranus 141
Salerno 35, 158
Sorgoni, Angelo 66
salinity 78, 86–7, 89, 239
Spain 44, 85, 196, 242, 266, 276
salmonella 127
Sparta 179
Salpi 115, 214, 264–7
Spartacus 252
Salso Lago, 264
Spina 85
Sambon, Louis 69, 74, 91, 96, 280
splenomegaly 16–17, 119
Samos 52
Spoleto 64, 190, 278
San Giovanni Hospital, Rome 16
sporogony 29, 62, 102, 151
Sangallo, Pietro Paolo da 46
sporozoites 33–4, 329
Santo Spirito Hospital, Rome 16, 148,
Stabiae 278
202, 215
Stia 162
340
Index
Strabo 41, 69–71, 79, 81, 85, 92, 95,
Torti, Francesco 128, 220
107–9, 179, 182, 188–9, 248–9,
Tournon, M. le Comte De 4, 180,
265
182, 209, 280
Strozzi, Alessandra Macinghi 153
trachoma 50, 141
Suessa Pometia 177
Trajan, emperor 71, 110, 182
Suetonius 3
transhumance 63, 238–40
Sulla 188
Trastevere 128, 213, 216
sweating sickness 208–9
Treia, river 113
Sybaris 13, 282
Treppio 3, 60, 118, 122, 161, 269, 271
Sydenham, Thomas 15, 19, 133, 152–3
Trevi, Fontana di 46
Sylvester I, pope 231–4
Trinitapoli 267
syphilis 11, 105, 122–4
trypanosomiasis 27
Syracuse 36–8
tuberculosis 2, 10, 50, 57, 117, 121,
Syria 22, 32, 254
135–9, 166, 284
Tungri 157
Tacitus 32, 71, 93, 96, 109–10, 225–6
Tuscania 103
Taranto 94
Tuscany 21, 33, 36, 39, 57, 60, 64, 69,
Tarquinia 33, 63, 192
70, 76, 89, 98, 103, 108–9, 113,
Tarquinius Priscus 77
136, 144, 150, 167, 180, 188–9,
Tarquinius Superbus 178
192–200, 234, 236, 246–8, 252–3,
Tavoliere 105, 255, 267
255, 257, 260, 262, 276, 278, 284
Terence 192
Tusculum 189, 245, 259
Terracina 108, 173, 177–8, 183–4, 189,
typhoid fever 9–10, 11, 121, 127–8, 133
238
typhomalarial fever 128, 216
tertian fever 9, 11, 14–16, 18–19, 37,
typhus 10, 117–18, 133
52–4, 62, 75, 121, 124, 130, 133,
149, 152–3, 156–7, 220–3
Ufente, river, 182, 190
see also Plasmodium vivax
Umbria 64–8, 102, 105, 109, 145, 150,
Testaccio, Monte 206, 208, 213
197, 205, 230, 269, 278
thalassaemia 22, 32–3, 39, 82–3, 105,
Urban VIII, pope 202
127, 143–5
Theoderic 81, 190
Valchetta, river 113
Theophrastus 48, 62, 73, 105–6, 172,
Val di Chiana 43, 98–100, 183, 260
182
Valencia 154
Thucydides 36, 249
Valerius Maximus 50
Tiber, river 57, 67–8, 72, 74, 85–7,
Vallerano 140, 148
108–10, 122–3, 190, 192, 196–7,
Vanuatu 155–6
202, 204, 206, 209, 211, 214,
Varro, M. Terentius 55, 57, 60–1, 76,
216–17, 226, 228–30, 235, 257,
95, 97–8, 160, 255–6, 267, 278
259, 281
Vatican 51, 202, 206, 216, 226
Tibullus, Albius 21, 57, 113
Vegetius 279
Tifernum Tiberinum 105, 109, 197,
Veii (Isola Sacra) 40, 77–8, 103, 112,
205, 228, 269–71, 277–8, 282
201, 246
Tiro 219
Velabrum 214
Tivoli 87, 130
Velinus, Lake 76
Tommasi-Crudeli, Corradi 70, 97,
Velletri 77, 177–8
235–6, 280, 282
Venegas, Alonso Messias 202
Torelli, Luigi 236–7
Vespasian, emperor 3
Index
341
Vesuvius, Mt. 2, 57
Wagner-Jauregg, Julius 12
Vetulonia 40, 111
Walpole, Horace 9
Viareggio 43, 100
water-buffaloes 174, 240
Vibius Sequester 173
William of Malmesbury 227, 267
Villa Borghese 208, 213
winds 57,62, 73–4, 92, 98, 122–3, 138,
villas 55, 57, 63, 67, 69, 77, 87, 95, 111,
216, 228, 262–3, 270
145, 197, 205, 208, 212–13, 228–9,
wine 134, 147, 149, 241,
