Tyrants whom the nations fear
Dwell in hapless exile here.
II
Then said I: “Verily, wondrous great are thy promises; yet I do not doubt but thou canst make them good: only keep me not in suspense after raising such hopes.”
“Learn, then, first,” said she, “how that power ever waits upon the good, while the bad are left wholly destitute of strength.22 Of these truths the one proves the other; for since good and evil are contraries, if it is made plain that good is power, the feebleness of evil is clearly seen, and, conversely, if the frail nature of evil is made manifest, the strength of good is thereby known. However, to win ampler credence for my conclusion, I will pursue both paths, and draw confirmation for my statements first in one way and then in the other.
“The carrying out of any human action depends upon two things—to wit, will and power; if either be wanting, nothing can be accomplished. For if the will be lacking, no attempt at all is made to do what is not willed; whereas if there be no power, the will is all in vain. And so, if thou seest any man wishing to attain some end, yet utterly failing to attain it, thou canst not doubt that he lacked the power of getting what he wished for.”
“Why, certainly not; there is no denying it.”
“Canst thou, then, doubt that he whom thou seest to have accomplished what he willed had also the power to accomplish it?”
“Of course not.”
“Then, in respect of what he can accomplish a man is to be reckoned strong, in respect of what he cannot accomplish weak?”
“Granted,” said I.
“Then, dost thou remember that, by our former reasonings, it was concluded that the whole aim of man’s will, though the means of pursuit vary, is set intently upon happiness?”
“I do remember that this, too, was proved.”
“Dost thou also call to mind how happiness is absolute good, and therefore that, when happiness is sought, it is good which is in all cases the object of desire?”
“Nay, I do not so much call to mind as keep it fixed in my memory.”
“Then, all men, good and bad alike, with one indistinguishable purpose strive to reach good?”
“Yes, that follows.”
“But it is certain that by the attainment of good men become good?”
“It is.”
“Then, do the good attain their object?”
“It seems so.”
“But if the bad were to attain the good which is their object, they could not be bad?”
“No.”
“Then, since both seek good, but while the one sort attain it, the other attain it not, is there any doubt that the good are endued with power, while they who are bad are weak?”
“If any doubt it, he is incapable of reflecting on the nature of things, or the consequences involved in reasoning.”
“Again, supposing there are two things to which the same function is prescribed in the course of nature, and one of these successfully accomplishes the function by natural action, the other is altogether incapable of that natural action, instead of which, in a way other than is agreeable to its nature, it—I will not say fulfils its function, but feigns to fulfil it: which of these two would in thy view be the stronger?”
“I guess thy meaning, but I pray thee let me hear thee more at large.”
“Walking is man’s natural motion, is it not?”
“Certainly.”
“Thou dost not doubt, I suppose, that it is natural for the feet to discharge this function?”
“No; surely I do not.”
“Now, if one man who is able to use his feet walks, and another to whom the natural use of his feet is wanting tries to walk on his hands, which of the two wouldst thou rightly esteem the stronger?”
“Go on,” said I; “no one can question but that he who has the natural capacity has more strength than he who has it not.”
“Now, the supreme good is set up as the end alike for the bad and for the good; but the good seek it through the natural action of the virtues, whereas the bad try to attain this same good through all manner of concupiscence, which is not the natural way of attaining good. Or dost thou think otherwise?”
“Nay; rather, one further consequence is clear to me: for from my admissions it must needs follow that the good have power, and the bad are impotent.”
“Thou anticipatest rightly, and that as physicians reckon is a sign that nature is set working, and is throwing off the disease. But, since I see thee so ready at understanding, I will heap proof on proof. Look how manifest is the extremity of vicious men’s weakness; they cannot even reach that goal to which the aim of nature leads and almost constrains them. What if they were left without this mighty, this well-nigh irresistible help of nature’s guidance! Consider also how momentous is the powerlessness which incapacitates the wicked. Not light or trivial23 are the prizes which they contend for, but which they cannot win or hold; nay, their failure concerns the very sum and crown of things. Poor wretches! they fail to compass even that for which they toil day and night. Herein also the strength of the good conspicuously appears. For just as thou wouldst judge him to be the strongest walker whose legs could carry him to a point beyond which no further advance was possible, so must thou needs account him strong in power who so attains the end of his desires that nothing further to be desired lies beyond. Whence follows the obvious conclusion that they who are wicked are seen likewise to be wholly destitute of strength. For why do they forsake virtue and follow vice? Is it from ignorance of what is good? Well, what is more weak and feeble than the blindness of ignorance? Do they know what they ought to follow, but lust drives them aside out of the way? If it be so, they
