don’t have to/doesn’t have to – нет необходимости, не нужно (сравните с mustn’t).
3. may– можно, выражение разрешения
Существует только форма настоящего времени
You may turn left here.
May I come in?
You may not put it on.
4. should/ought to – следует (Синонимы, но ought употребляется всегда с «to» и преимущественно в утвердительных предложениях, в то время как should – во всех.)
Существует только форма настоящего времени.
You should give way.
You shouldn’t overtake on this piece of road.
Should I cook it now?
He ought to stop at the traffic lights.
5. be to – должен по плану, по договоренности
Существуют формы прошедшего was to/were to и настоящего времени is to/are to/am to. Чаще всего употребляется в утвердительной форме.
1. Translate the sentences.
1. Pedestrians mustn’t cross the road here.
2. You should follow my advice.
3. The learners are to take a test on Tuesday.
4. We will have to hire two new workers.
5. You mustn’t allow your children to speak to you like that.
6. Did he have to fill in this form?
7. We were to buy two agricultural vehicles last Saturday.
8. I won’t be able to deal with these people.
9. I will have to move faster.
10. May I park on the yellow line?
2. Complete the sentences.
3. Match the sentences.
4. Write the missing sentences with must and can.
5. Change the sentences according to the pattern.
Example: It will be necessary for you to follow my advice.
6. Extend the statements using different modal verbs.
Example: Fred is going to the theatre.
He will have to put on a white shirt.
He shouldn’t be late.
He is to meet his girl-friend at seven at the theatre.
7. Translate the sentences into English.
8. Fill in the table. Make up sentences to illustrate the following grammar. Use the words given.
READINGAND SPEAKING PRACTICE
1. Answer the questions.
1. What does the sign no entry mean?
2. When must we give way to other vehicles?
3. On which pieces of road is there no overtaking?
4. What do drivers have to do at the T-junction?
5. Where and when do drivers have to reduce speed?
6. If the brakes don’t work what must the driver do at once?
7. Why is it difficult to park a car in the centre of a city?
8. Do you have to deal with numerous people from numerous walks of life?
9. What do police cater for?
10. Why do we sometimes have to rent a car?
11. What is the most important thing for a learner driver?
2. Agree or disagree. Use different expressions.
1. There are too many cars in the city streets now.
2. The job of a policeman is boring.
3. Police don’t allow agricultural vehicles to drive in city streets.
4. On average every family in Russia has a car.
5. The police cater for all the people they have to deal with.
6. Pedal cyclists can’t ride along the streets of Moscow.
7. People of numerous walks of life use city transport.
3. Speak about some of the places in your town. Say where they are, how you can drive there, what signs you can see on the way there.
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4. Make up short stories using the words from the Active Vocabulary.
A. to advise, to move, in a hurry, on average, motorway, danger;
B. learner, dangerous, ready, to overtake, agricultural vehicles, varied, to repair;
C. to allow, to give way, pedestrian, numerous, bend, shift, to flow, safe;
D. to hire, to reduce speed, to fill in, motorcycle, to follow advice, crossing, to enter, numerous walks of life.
5. Read the dialogues and try to learn them.
I julia: excuse me.
Policeman: Yes, madam?
Julia: Could you tell me the way to South Street, please?
Policeman: Of course. Turn right here. It’s the second on the right.
Julia: Thank you.
