Escape from Camp 14

15

Stephan Haggard and Marcus Noland, Famine in North Korea (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 175.

16

Wonhyuk Lim, ‘North Korea’s Economic Futures’ (Washington, DC, Brookings Institution, 2005).

17

Elmer Luchterhand, ‘Prisoner Behavior and Social System in the Nazi Camp’, International Journal of Psychiatry 13 (1967), 245–64.

18

Eugene Weinstock, Beyond the Last Path (New York: Boni and Gaer, 1947), 74.

19

Ernest Schable, ‘A Tragedy Revealed: Heroines’ Last Days’, Life (18 August 1958), 78–144. Cited by Shamai Davidson in ‘Human Reciprocity Among the Jewish Prisoners in the Nazi Concentration Camps’, The Nazi Concentration Camps (Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1984) 555–72.

20

A Skinner box, developed by American psychologist B. F. Skinner, is an isolation chamber used to study and teach behaviour using rewards of food and water as reinforcements. In one such box, a rat learned how to press a lever to get food.

21

Terrence Des Pres, The Survivor: An Anatomy of Life in the Death Camps (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976), 142.

22

Yong, Long Road Home, 106.

23

Park was excessively hopeful. The United Nations, which created a Special Rapporteur for North Korean human rights in 2004, has gained no traction in influencing the government in Pyongyang. Nor has it had much success in raising international awareness about the camps. North Korea adamantly refused to allow the UN’s human rights representative into the country and condemned his annual reports as plots to overthrow the government.

24

Yoonok Chang, Stephan Haggard, Marcus Noland, ‘Migration Experiences of North Korean Refugees: Survey Evidence from China’ (Washington: Peterson Institute, 2008), 1.

25

Lankov, North of the DMZ, 180–183.

26

See Daily NK, 25 October 2010, for a detailed description of the servi-cha system and another attempt by the government to try to shut it down.

27

Andrew S. Natsios, The Great North Korean Famine (Washington: United States Institute for Peace Press, 2001), 218.

28

Charles Robert Jenkins, The Reluctant Communist (Berkeley: University of