RODENTS, INSECTIVORES, AND BATS
RED SQUIRREL
IDENTIFICATION: A medium-sized (10—15 inch), primarily tree-dwelling squirrel with a reddish brown or tawny coat and white underparts, often with a dark stripe on the side. DISTRIBUTION: Canada, Alaska, Rocky and Appalachian Mountains, northeastern United States. HABITAT: Coniferous or mixed forests. STUDY AREAS: Near Ithaca, New York; Manning Provincial Park, British Columbia, Canada; Saint-Hippolyte, Quebec (University of Montreal); subspecies
GRAY SQUIRREL
IDENTIFICATION: A large (20 inch), tree-dwelling squirrel with a long, bushy tail and gray, grizzled, or buff fur. DISTRIBUTION: Eastern United States, southeastern Canada. HABITAT: Hardwood forests and parks. STUDY AREA: University of Maryland; subspecies
LEAST CHIPMUNK
IDENTIFICATION: A small, ground-dwelling squirrel with alternating dark and light stripes on back and face. DISTRIBUTION: Yukon to Ontario; upper Midwest; mountainous western United States. HABITAT: Conifer forests, sagebrush. STUDY AREA: Lake Superior State College, Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan; subspecies
Social Organization
Squirrels are generally not gregarious, especially outside of the breeding season, and Red Squirrels defend individual territories throughout the year. The mating system is promiscuous: males and females mate with multiple partners, and only females raise the offspring. Chipmunks are territorial and live in elaborate underground burrows.
Description
Occasionally two female Red Squirrels form a bond with each other that includes sexual and affectionate activities and joint parenting. The two share a den (tree hole), follow one another about, and often touch noses or gently nudge each other’s flanks. They also take turns mounting each other, each female nibbling or stroking her partner’s fur while mounting. The pair may raise a single litter of young together; although the youngsters are probably the biological offspring of only one female, both partners may nurse them. In addition, they cooperate in taking care of the young: one such pair was observed leading their lost baby out of a tree and across a street back to their home den. Notably, heterosexual pairs do not usually form in this species: females typically raise young on their own and are generally very aggressive toward other adults that try to approach them.
Nonreproductive and Alternative Heterosexualities
Both Red and Gray Squirrels participate in a wide range of nonprocreative sexual activities. Heterosexual mounting outside of the breeding periods is common, especially in Red Squirrels. Since males have a seasonal sexual cycle that renders them infertile at these times (like females), this activity is definitely nonreproductive. In addition, penetration is usually not involved, and REVERSE mounting (females mounting males) also occurs, accounting for about 5 percent of such activity in Red Squirrels. Sexual behavior also takes place in other situations that are not optimal for breeding. Juveniles of both species often participate in mounting or sexual chases, for example, including incestuous activity between siblings or mothers being mounted by their offspring. Interspecies mating chases have also been observed between Gray Squirrels and fox squirrels
During Gray Squirrel mating chases, as many as 34 males may pursue and harass a single female; when cornered in a tree cavity or at the end of a limb, she often defends herself by screaming and lunging at the males and then bolting away. Mounts by males result in full copulation only 40 percent of the time, as females usually escape from a male that is trying to mate with them. In addition, mating pairs are often attacked by other males, who knock the couple from the tree or savagely bite them, in some cases inflicting fatal wounds on the female. When mating does occur, the female copulates with several different males, sometimes as many as eight during a single mating bout. Mating chases in Red Squirrels can involve up to seven males at a time; a female may drag a male mounted on her for some distance or vigorously try to shake him off her back. In Gray Squirrels, sperm coagulates in the female’s vagina following copulation, forming a plug that may prevent inseminations by other males. However, females often remove these plugs, thereby preventing insemination by the male who just mated with them (while at the same time possibly allowing subsequent males to impregnate them). Young Red Squirrels sometimes suffer fatal injuries from adults during territory takeovers, and Gray Squirrel youngsters are occasionally attacked and/or cannibalized by adults. Not all adults participate in breeding: about a third of female Red Squirrels in some populations are nonbreeders, while about 30 percent of male Gray Squirrels do not mate with females each breeding season (and some individuals skip entire seasons).