contact is initiated with one (or both) males reaching out to touch the other, or one may make a more subtle soliciting approach. Sexual activity involves one male mounting another and thrusting, in either the face-to-face or front-to-back position; both males often emit grumbling, growling, or panting sounds. Orgasm is signaled when the animal emits a deep sigh on dismounting, and often there is direct evidence of ejaculation (e.g., semen spilled on his partner). Most males both mount and are mounted, except for the oldest silverback males, who only mount. Like lesbian interactions, male homosexual encounters tend to last, on average, longer than heterosexual ones and to use the face-to-face position more often than in male-female interactions (though less often than between females). Male Gorillas also touch and fondle each other’s genitals in addition to mounting one another.
Nonreproductive and Alternative Heterosexualities
As noted above, sex (both heterosexual and homosexual) during pregnancy is common among Gorillas. Both males and females also engage in masturbation, and younger animals frequently participate in nonpenetrative sexual activity. Mountings of the latter type are usually incestuous, involving siblings, half siblings, or (more rarely) parents and their offspring (or their siblings’ offspring). In captivity, oral sex and manual stimulation of genitals have also been observed in heterosexual interactions. Male Gorillas generally appear to have less interest in sex than females and are sometimes rather reluctant or perfunctory participants in mating. Heterosexual interactions are nearly always initiated by females (whose advances are often initially ignored by the males), males often thrust and vocalize much less than females during copulation (often for no more than 20 seconds), and females generally determine when a particular sexual interaction is finished. However, females may be sexually inactive for up to three or four years while nursing their young. Infanticide is quite common among wild Gorillas: more than 40 percent of all infant deaths in one population were due to infanticide, usually by an adult male trying to gain breeding access to a female (although females have been known to kill infants as well). Probably all adult males commit infanticide at least once during their lifetime, while most females are likely to lose at least one infant during their lifetime to killing by another of their own species.
*asterisked references discuss homosexuality/transgender
*Coffin, R. (1978) “Sexual Behavior in a Group of Captive Young Gorillas.”
*Fischer, R. B. and R.D. Nadler (1978) “Affiliative, Playful, and Homosexual Interactions of Adult Female Lowland Gorillas.”
*Fossey, D. (1990) “New Observations of Gorillas in the Wild.” In
(1984) “Infanticide in Mountain Gorillas
*———(1983)
*Harcourt, A. H. (1988) “Bachelor Groups of Gorillas in Captivity: The Situation in the Wild.”
*———(1979a) “Social Relations Among Adult Female Mountain Gorillas.”
————(1979b) “Social Relationships Between Adult Male and Female Mountain Gorillas in the Wild.”
*Harcourt, A. H., D. Fossey, K. J. Stewart, and D. P. Watts (1980) “Reproduction in Wild Gorillas and Some Comparisons with Chimpanzees.”
Harcourt, A. H., and K. J. Stewart (1978) “Sexual Behavior of Wild Mountain Gorillas.” In D. J. Chivers and J. Herbert, eds.,
*Harcourt, A. H., K. J. Stewart, and D. Fossey (1981) “Gorilla Reproduction in the Wild.” In C. E. Graham, ed.,
*Hess, J. P. (1973) “Some Observations on the Sexual Behavior of Captive Lowland Gorillas,
*Nadler, R. D. (1986) “Sex-Related Behavior of Immature Wild Mountain Gorillas.”
*Porton, I., and M. White (1996) “Managing an All-Male Group of Gorillas: Eight Years of Experience at the St. Louis Zoological Park.” In
*Robbins, M. M. (1996) “Male-Male Interactions in Heterosexual and All-Male Wild Mountain Gorilla Groups.”
*———(1995) “A Demographic Analysis of Male Life History and Social Structure of Mountain Gorillas.”
*Schaller, G. (1963)
*Stewart, K. J. (1977) “Birth of a Wild Mountain Gorilla (
Watts, D. P. (1990) “Mountain Gorilla Life Histories, Reproductive Competition, and Sociosexual Behavior and Some Implications for Captive Husbandry.”
———(1989) “Infanticide in Mountain Gorillas: New Cases and a Reconsideration of the Evidence.”
*Yamagiwa, J. (1987a) “Intra- and Inter-Group Interactions of an All-Male Group of Virunga Mountain Gorillas