The Barbary Plague

12.­ Letter of Lewellys F. Barker, to “My Dear Dr. Wyman,” April 11, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 637, Folder 1899–1909, Surgeon General.

13.­ Lewellys F. Barker, Time and the Physician (New York: G. P. Putman’s Sons, 1942), p. 114.

14.­ F. G. Novy, Telegram to Surgeon General Wyman, April 5, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 637, Folder 5608, 1899–1909, Surgeon General. See also F. G. Novy, Letter to Surgeon General Wyman, with attached case report written for Journal of the American Medical Association, April 9, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 637, Folder 1899–1909, Surgeon General. See also Howard Markel, “Prescribing ‘Arrowsmith,’ ” New York Times, September 24, 2000, for impact of the Hare case on Sinclair Lewis’s novel.

15.­ Charles T. Gregg, Plague: An Ancient Disease in the Twentieth Century (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1985), pp. 90–91.

16.­ Walter Wyman, Letter to J. J. Kinyoun, April 6, 1901, NARA, San Bruno, Calif., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Subgroup Quarantine Station, Angel Island, Calif., Series: Letters from the Surgeon General to the Medical Officer in Charge, July 1, 1891–July 1, 1918, Box 16, Vol. 4.

17.­ J. J. Kinyoun, Letter to “My Dear Aunt and Uncle,” from the Joseph J. Kinyoun (1860–1913) Manuscript Collection, Ms. C. 464, in the History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md., pp. 32, 34.

18.­ “Truth Suppression and Not Plague Suppression,” Sacramento Bee, April 22, 1901, p. 4, col. 3.

19.­ “Kinyoun Says He Is Falsely Accused,” Sacramento Bee, May 6, 1901, p. 5, col. 6.

20.­ J. J. Kinyoun, Letter to “My Dear Aunt and Uncle,” June 29, 1901, from the J. J. Kinyoun papers, Ms. C. 464, in the History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md, p. 40. For an analysis of Kinyoun’s downfall, see also Guenter B. Risse, “ ‘A Long Pull, a Strong Pull, and All Together’: San Francisco and Bubonic Plague, 1907–1908,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 66 (Spring 1992): “Kinyoun… became the target of a systematic campaign of vituperation and was denounced as an enemy of San Francisco.”

21.­ J. J. Kinyoun, Letter to “Dear Doctor Bailhache,” August 9, 1900, Joseph J. Kinyoun, Ms. C. 464, History of Medicine Collection, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md., p. 61.

NEW BLOOD

1.­ J. H. White, Letter to “Dear Doctor,” April 18, 1901, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 625, Folder 5608, File 3 of 4.

2.­ “Colorado’s Quarantine Still Maintained,” Sacramento Bee, March 28, 1901.

3.­ “Plague Report at Last Sees the Light of Day,” Sacramento Bee, April 15, 1901. White protests that he wasn’t the source of the leak in his “Dear Doctor” letter cited above. Dr. Barker wrote Surgeon General Wyman asking for copies of the official report in a letter of April 27, 1901, located at NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 637, Folder 1899–1909, Surgeon General.

4.­ M. J. White, Letter to Surgeon J. H. White, April 23, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 625, Folder 5608, File 3 of 4.

5.­ J. H. White, Letter to Dr. Wyman, April 24, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 625, Folder 5608, File 2 of 4.

6.­ J. H. White, Personal Letter to Surgeon General Walter Wyman, April 30, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 625, Folder 5608, 2 of 4.

7.­ J. H. White, Letter to “Dear Doctor,” May 10, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 625, Folder 5608, File 2 of 4.

8.­ J. H. White, Telegram to Wyman, May 4, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 625, Folder 5608, File 3 of 4.

9.­ J. H. White, Letter to “Dear Doctor,” May 10, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 625, Folder 5608, File 2 of 4.

10.­ J. H. White, Letter to “His Excellency Henry T. Gage, Governor of the State of California,” May 18, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 624, Folder 2 of 2.

11.­ J. H. White, Letter to Supervising Surgeon General, May 29, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File (1897–1923), Box 624, File 2 of 2.

12.­ Ibid.

13.­ J. H. White, Personal Letter to Surgeon General Walter Wyman, April 30, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 625, Folder 5608, File 2 of 4.

14.­ “McKinley Reaches City, Not as President, but as Devoted Husband, Solicitous for the Welfare of His Beloved Wife,” San Francisco Call, May 13, 1901.

15.­ Details of the McKinleys’ visit to San Francisco made headlines for two weeks, including these details from the San Francisco Call, May 13–26, 1901.

16.­ Rupert Blue, Letter to Supervising Surgeon General, July 2, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 616, File 3 of 3.

17.­ Walter Wyman, Letter to Henry T. Gage, July 5, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 624, File 2 of 2.

18.­ H. Ryfkogel, Letter to Drs. Regensburger, Carpenter, Evans, Dodge, and Kurozawa, July 8, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 627, Folder 5608, 1901, J. J. Kinyoun.

19.­ Autopsy Number 63: Miyo, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 625, Folder 5608, File 2 of 4.

20.­ Autopsy Number 64: Shina, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 625, Folder 5608, File 2 of 4.

21.­ Rupert Blue, Telegram to Surgeon General Wyman, July 10, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 616, File 3 of 3.

22.­ “Deaths of Two Prostitutes in Chinatown Suspected of Having Plague,” Chung Sai Yat Po, July 12, 1901.

23.­ Rupert Blue, Letter to Surgeon General, July 20, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 616, File 3 of 3.

24.­ Rupert Blue, Personal Letter to Surgeon General Wyman, July 11, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 616, File 3 of 3.

25.­ Rupert Blue, Letter to Surgeon General Walter Wyman, July 25, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Box 616, File 3 of 3.

26.­ “Striking Teamsters Go on the Warpath,” San Francisco Call, August 29, 1901, p. 1.

27.­ M. J. White, Letter to Surgeon General, September 3, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 625, File 2 of 4.

28.­ “State Will Pay Coin for ‘Shadowing’ Work,” San Francisco Call, September 6, 1901, and “What Ryfkogel Thinks of Gage,” San Francisco Call, September 7, 1901. These one-hundred-year-old clippings on the case were attached to federal public health service plague files with a handwritten note in the margin: “Wouldn’t this jar you?” NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 616, File 3 of 3.

THE BITE OF A FLEA