The Barbary Plague

5.­ Ibid., p. 20.

6.­ James Moloney, surgeon of the SS Coptic, Letter to the Surgeon in Charge, U.S. Marine Hospital Service, San Francisco, September 30, 1900, National Archives and Records Administration, Records Group 90, Box 627, Folder June 1900, J. J. Kinyoun.

7.­ Ibid.

8.­ Ibid.

9.­ J. J. Kinyoun, Letter to the Surgeon General, October 10, 1900, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Box 627, Folder June 1900, J. J. Kinyoun.

10.­ J. J. Kinyoun, Letter to Dr. Bailhache, pp. 18–19.

11.­ J. J. Kinyoun, Letter to Surgeon General, December 29, 1900, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Box 627, Folder June 1900, J. J. Kinyoun.

12.­ “Dr. Kinyoun May Move His Drugs to Other Parts,” San Francisco Call, December 20, 1900.

13.­ “Dr. Kinyoun May Soon Be Transferred,” San Francisco Call, December 22, 1900.

14.­ Wong Chung, Letter to Dr. Kinyoun, December 18, 1900, and the complaint of Wong Chung vs. J. J. Kinyoun et al., both found in NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Box 627, Folder 5608, 1901, J. J. Kinyoun.

15.­ J. J. Kinyoun, Letter to the Surgeon General of December 6, 1900, as cited in Letter to Dr. Bailhache, p. 75.

16.­ “Commercial Outlook,” San Francisco Call, December 31, 1900, p. 6.

17.­ Kinyoun, Letter to Dr. Bailhache, p. 68.

18.­ “The Doom of Kinyoun,” San Francisco Chronicle, December 28, 1900, editorial page (from NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Box 627, Folder June 1900, J. J. Kinyoun).

19.­ Kinyoun, Letter to Dr. Bailhache, p. 68.

20.­ “Plague Is the Burden of the Governor’s Message,” Sacramento Bee, January 9, 1901, pp. 2–4. Emphasis added.

21.­ Ibid.

22.­ “State Senate Demands Dr. Kinyoun’s Removal,” San Francisco Call, January 24, 1901.

23.­ Joseph J. Kinyoun, Letter to “My Dear Aunt and Uncle,” June 29, 1901. From the Joseph J. Kinyoun Manuscript Collection, Ms. C. 464, in the History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, Md., p. 25.

24.­ J. J. Kinyoun, Telegram to Supervising Surgeon General, January 10, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Box 627, Folder 5608, 1901, J. J. Kinyoun.

25.­ Joseph J. Kinyoun, Letter to “My Dear Aunt and Uncle,” Detroit, Mich., June 29, 1901, National Library of Medicine, p. 26.

26.­ “Scathing Arraignment by Dr. Williamson,” Sacramento Bee, January 16, 1901, p. 4.

27.­ Lewellys F. Barker, Time and the Physician (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1942), pp. 82–83.

28.­ J. H. White attributes the eviction from the lab to the university president, in Telegram to Surgeon General Wyman, February 4, 1901, NARA, Records Group 90, Box 625, Folder 5608, File 3 of 4. Kinyoun cites the threat of lost funding for the action in his letter to “My Dear Aunt and Uncle,” p. 28. Kinyoun Manuscript Collection, Ms. C. 464, History of Medicine Division, National Library of Medicine, p. 28.

29.­ Special Commission on Plague, Letter to Surgeon General Wyman, NARA, College Park, Md. Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 637, Folder 1899–1909, Surgeon General.

30.­ “Federal Plague Commission Has Practically Finished,” Sacramento Bee, February 18, 1901, p. 1.

31.­ “Gage in the Dumps over That ‘Conference,’ ” Sacramento Bee, February 19, 1901, p. 2, col. 4.

32.­ “More Pressure upon M’Kinley,” Sacramento Bee, February 28, 1901, p. 1.

33.­ Joseph Kinyoun, Telegram to Surgeon General, March 1, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 627, Folder 5608, File 1901, J. J. Kinyoun.

34.­ J. H. White, Letter to “Dear Dr.,” February 26, 1901, NARA, Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 625, Folder 5608, File 3 of 4.

35.­ Ibid., March 7, 1901, NARA, Records Group 90, Box 625, Folder 5608, File 3 of 4.

SEAL OF SILENCE

1.­ Telegram of Geo. C. Perkins and Thos. R. Bard, Febuary 20, 1901, for information of Gen. O. L. Spaulding, Assistant Treasury Secretary, National Archives and Records Administration, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 636, Folder 5608, Chinese Mortality 1897–1902, Conference ’02–’03, Memoranda ’01–’03, Autopsies ’02–’03.

2.­ Geo. C. Perkins, Letter to Hon O. L. Spaulding, Assistant Treasury Secretary, February 21, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 636, Folder 5608, Chinese Mortality 1897–1902, Conference ’02–’03, Memoranda ’01–’03, Autopsies ’02–’03.

3.­ Walter Wyman, Personal and Confidential Letter to Doctor Victor Vaughan, February 20, 1901, NARA, Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 636, Folder 5608, Chinese Mortality 1897–1902, File 2 of 2. Wyman wrote:

Dear Doctor Vaughan,

I telegraphed you today, asking you to use your efforts to prevent publication of any information that might reach Ann Arbor concerning work of Commission in San Francisco, out of superabundant caution, having no reason to suppose at all that the seal of silence will be broken by any of the commission. Yet inferences might be drawn from their work and I know that the Associated Press in Ann Arbor is very active. The object of silence is for the purpose of bringing the Governor around to work with us, which will be more difficult if the matter is made public. With regards, Sincerely Yours, WALTER WYMAN, Surgeon-General, Marine Hospital Service.

4.­ “Bubonic Plague Exists in San Francisco and Probably in Other Cities on the Coast,” Sacramento Bee, March 6, 1901, p. 1.

5.­ “Infamous Compact Signed by Wyman,” Sacramento Bee, March 16, 1901, p. 1, col. 3.

6.­ “Bubonic Plague ‘News’ Comes from Washington,” Sacramento Bee, March 11, 1901, p. 8, col. 4.

7.­ J. J. Kinyoun, Telegram to Supervising Surgeon General, March 9, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 627, Folder 5608, 1901, J. J. Kinyoun.

8.­ Walter Wyman, Telegram to Surgeon Kinyoun, March 11, 1901, NARA, San Bruno, Calif., Records Group 90, Subgroup Quarantine Station, Angel Island, Calif. Series Letters from the Surgeon General to the Medical Officer in Charge, Accession, July 1, 1891, to July 1, 1918, Box 16, Vol. 4.

9.­ J. H. White, Letter to “Dear Doctor,” March 7, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 625, Folder 5608, File 3 of 4.

10.­ Ibid., March 19, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box, 625, Folder 5608, File 3 of 4.

11.­ Letter of Lewellys F. Barker to “My Dear Dr. Wyman,” April 6, 1901, NARA, College Park, Md., Records Group 90, Central File 1897–1923, Box 637, Folder 1899–1909, Surgeon General.