Enemy at the Gates

Victories; Ms. number P-060g; Sixth Panzer Division, en route to Stalingrad, December 1942 (see Documents); A. M. Vasilevsky’s “Unforgettable Days” V.I.Z., no. 3, 1966; also Felix Gilbert’s Hitler Directs His War. Also Manstein’s Lost Victories, Paulus’ private papers; Arthur Schmidt’s critique (unpublished).

KESSEL

From interviews with Ekkehart Brunnert, Tania Chernova, Ignacy Changar, and Heinz Neist; plus diary of Wilhelm Kreiser and Eugen Rettenmaier; also Koroteev’s Stalingrad Miracle; I. Paderin’s In the Main Direction.

Chapter Twenty

RELIEF ATTEMPT

From interviews with Josef Linden, Gerhard Meunch, Alexei Petrov, and Arthur Schmidt; also Schmidt’s unpublished manuscript on details of relief operations through December 25 (see next two chapers). From Goerlitz’s Paulus and Stalingrad; and Manstein’s Lost Victories; also Friedrich Paulus’s private papers.

Chapter Twenty-One

ARMY GROUP DON—SIXTH ARMY CONVERSATIONS

From interviews with Winrich Behr and Arthur Schmidt; Schmidt manuscript and communications log between both groups (see Documents for appropriate dates). Also Sixth Panzer Division manuscript referred to in previous chapter notes and Horst Scheibert’s Relief Operation-Stalingrad; plus Carell’s Hitler Moves East; Goerlitz’s Paulus and Stalingrad and SchrOter’s Stalingrad.

THE ITALIAN EIGHTH ARMY

From interviews with Giuseppe Aleandri, Felice Bracci, Cristoforo Capone, Stelio Sansone. Also Umberto Salvatore’s Bersaglieri on the Don.

Chapter Twenty-Two

THE CONTINUING ROUT OF THE ITALIAN EIGHTH ARMY

From interviews as noted in preceding chapter. German communications between Gumrak and Novocherkassk (see Documents as noted in previous chapters).

SIXTH PANZER DIVISION ADVANCE

(see previous citations.)

SITUATION INSIDE KESSEL

From interviews with Ekkehart Brunnert, Albert Pfliiger, Ernst Wohlfahrt; Karl Binder diary.

AIRLIFT BREAKDOWN

From Bekker’s The Luftwaffe War Diaries; Care11’s Hitler Moves East; and Morzik’s The German Transport Command in the Second World War.

Chapter Twenty-Three

THE CHRISTMAS SEASON (also in next chapter)

From interviews with Hans Braunlein, Karl Binder, Ekkehart Brunnert, Mikhail Goldstein, Emil Metzger, Gerhard Meunch, Hans Oettl and Albert Pflilger. Also Sacha Fillipov in The Great Victory in Stalingrad, Moscow: 1950; plus previously mentioned works by Gerasimov and Koroteev. Also Koroteev’s I Saw It; Schroter’s Stalingrad; and Werthen’s History of the Sixteenth Panzer Division. The author listened to the Ring Broadcast, played during the twenty-fifth anniversary documentary on German television.

TELETYPE

See previous chapter notes.

Chapter Twenty-Four

TEDDY—KLAUS EXCHANGE

From von Below family papers (microfilm in National Archives, Washington, D.C.).

KREMLIN MEETING

From Yeremenko’s Stalingrad; Zhukov’s memoirs; and Khrushchev’s memoir.

ITALIANS

From interview with Felice Bracci and his unpublished manuscript, a harrowing story.

Chapter Twenty-Five

MAIL

From unpublished letters on file in German archives at Freiburg. Also Karl Binder’s letters to his wife.

Chapter Twenty-Six

DETERIORATION OF GERMAN TROOPS

From interviews with Giinter von Below, Ekkehart Brunnert, Ignacy Changar, Hermann Kastle, Heinrich Klotz, Ottmar Kohler, Gerhard Meunch, Hans Oettl, Alexei Petrov.

ITALIANS

From interviews with Felice Bracci, Cristoforo Capone, and Veniero Marsan. Also Bracci’s manuscript and Enrico Reginato’s Twelve Years of Prison in the USSR.

Chapter Twenty-Seven

THE COLLAPSE OF THE POCKET (January 10-20)

From interviews with Eugen Baumann, Winrich Behr, Karl Binder, Hans Braunlein, Franz Broder, Horst Caspari, Pyotr Deriabin, Fritz Dieckman, Georg Frey, Werner Gerlach, Anton Kappler, Emil Metzger, Albert Pfliiger,