Demons

skirted coat and full beard of the traditional Russian merchant, others adopted so-called German fashions (frock coat, waistcoat, tie) and went clean-shaven.

^[119] The Senate in Petersburg was the highest judicial as well as legislative body in imperial Russia.

^[120] The question 'What is the meaning of this dream?' is ultimately a paraphrase of a line from Pushkin's poem 'The Bridegroom' (1825). In the 1860s it became a journalistic cliche applied metaphorically to various events of the day. Dostoevsky here restores it to its literal meaning, with very funny effect.

^[121] The 'little Cossack' (kazacbok) is a dance imitative of military steps.

^[122] See Genesis 25:29-34. Esau, the elder son of Isaac, sells his birthright to his brother Jacob for 'a mess of pottage,' that is, a bowl of lentil soup.

^[123] Baptiste Honore Raymond Capefigue (1802-72) was a French historian and man of letters, author of historical compilations.

^[124] That is, news of the emancipation of the serfs on 19 February 1861.

^[125] Dostoevsky again parodies the utilitarian aesthetics of the nihilists, particularly of N. G. Chernyshevsky (see Part One, Chapter One, note 23), who declared in his university dissertation entitled The Relations of Art to Reality (written in 1853, defended on 10 May 1855): 'Artistic creations are lower than the beautiful in reality.' The public debate occasioned by Chernyshevsky's defense of his thesis was considered the first manifestation of the 'intellectual trend of the sixties.'

^[126] 'The die is cast!' (Latin); words uttered by Julius Caesar when he defied the Roman Senate by bringing his legions across the Rubicon in 50 b.c. and marching on Rome.

^[127] Lines from Pushkin's poem 'Once There Lived a Poor Knight' (1829).

^[128] A quotation from Pushkin's poem 'A Hero' (1830).

^[129] Karl Vogt (1817-95), German naturalist, was a defender of the biological theory of transformism (as were Lamarck and Darwin). Jacob Moleschott (1822-93), Dutch physiologist and philosopher, was an advocate of materialism, as was the German philosopher Ludwig Biichner (1824-99), brother of the playwright Georg Buchner. Their writings were a sort of bible of the materialist worldview for young Russians of the 1860s.

^[130] Dostoevsky is thinking of Herzen's account of Pavel A. Bakhmetev, in a chapter on the young generation in his book From My Life and Thoughts (1852-55). Bakhmetev, a wealthy young nobleman of revolutionary sympathies, supplied the emigres with funds for propaganda, most of which went eventually to the subject of the next note.

^[131] Sergei Gennadievich Nechaev (1847-82), nihilist theoretician and murderer, whose activities together with the court proceedings arising from them were one of Dostoevsky's sources for the writing of Demons, was the founder of a revolutionary society called 'The Committee of the People's Summary Justice of 19 February 1870.' The society's tracts and documents bore an oval seal showing an axe with the name of the committee written around it.

^[132] 'The Shining Light' is Dostoevsky's parody of a poem by Nikolai Ogaryov (see Part One, Chapter One, note 2), entitled 'The Student.' Ogaryov had originally written the poem for a friend who had died in 1867, but then he met Nechaev in Geneva two years later and was so taken with him that he added the dedication 'to young friend Nechaev' when the poem was printed as a tract.

^[133] That is, the imperial secret police.

^[134] Kondraty Ryleev (1795-1826), a leading Decembrist, was one of the five who were hanged after the uprising. His Panderings (1821-23) is a collection of mediocre patriotic poems on historical subjects.

^[135] Collegiate assessor was the eighth of the fourteen ranks in the imperial Russian civil service, equivalent to the military rank of major.

^[136] See Part One, Chapter Three, note 1. Dostoevsky wrote of Turgenev in a letter: 'I also don't like his aristocratical and pharisaic embrace, when he comes at you with a kiss, but instead offers you his cheek.' He has given Karmazinov other personal traits of Turgenev—his high voice, his manner of speaking, his practice of making multiple copies of his writings.

^[137] A parody of various liberal titles: On the Eve, Who Is to Blame?, What Is to Be Done?, Nowhere to Go.

^[138] This is the apocalyptic Babylon of the Hebrew prophets (Jeremiah 50, 51; Isaiah 13) and Revelation (18:2); see also Matthew 7:27.

^[139] The hut on chicken legs is the traditional dwelling of Baba Yaga, the witch of Russian folktales.

^[140] In the first publication of his new society, Nechaev wrote: 'We come from the people, with hides bitten through by the teeth of the present-day setup, guided by hatred for everything not of the people, having no idea of moral obligation or honor with regard to the world that we hate and from which we expect nothing but evil.' Dostoevsky later commented on this 'right to dishonor' in his Diary of a Writer (March 1876, chapter two, part 4).

^[141] The Feast of the Protective Veil of the Mother of God, commonly referred to as 'the Protection' (the Russian pokrov means both 'protection' and 'veil'), is celebrated on 1 October. (Nechaev had a similarly short timetable in mind for the success of his general uprising.)

^[142] Vera Pavlovna, heroine of Chernyshevsky's What Is to Be Done?, habitually addresses her husband Lopukhov as 'sweetie.' The Russian word immediately calls up this literary context.

^[143] The phrasing and details here come from a song of the Volga robbers. Further on in the song, the beautiful maiden has a dream prophesying a bad end to the robbers' enterprise. Pyotr Stepanovich will refer to it again, as will Liza.

^[144] In 1926, fifty-seven years after the event, Alexei Kuznetsov, a member of Nechaev's society and a participant in the murder of the student Ivanov, wrote in a memoir that there had been no reason for