and at SAMS. For more on this topic, see Scott B. Shadrick and James W. Lussier, “Assessment of the Think Like a Commander Training Program,” U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences Research Report 1824, July 2004; Scott B. Shadrick et al., “Positive Transfer of Adaptive Battlefield Thinking Skills,” U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences Research Report 1873, July 2007; Thomas J. Carnahan et al., “Novice Versus Expert Command Groups: Preliminary Findings and Training Implications for Future Combat Systems,” U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences Research Report 1821, March 2004; Carl W. Lickteig et al., “Human Performance Essential to Battle Command: Report on Four Future Combat Systems Command and Control Experiments,” U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences Research Report 1812, November 2003; and Army Field Manual 5-2 20, February 2009.
[5] six feet tall Lisa Stefanacci et al., “Profound Amnesia After Damage to the Medial Temporal Lobe: A Neuroanatomical and Neuropsychological Profile of Patient E.P.,”
[6] “Who’s Michael?” I am indebted to the Pauly and Rayes families, as well as the Squire laboratory and coverage such as Joshua Foer, “Remember This,”
[7] The sample from Eugene’s spine Richard J. Whitley and David W. Kimberlan, “Viral Encephalitis,”
[8] was seven years old Some published papers say that H.M. was injured at age nine; others say seven.
[9] he was hit by a bicycle Previous research indicates that H.M. was hit by a bicycle. New documents, as yet unpublished, indicate he may have fallen off a bike.
[10] landed hard on his head Luke Dittrich, “The Brain That Changed Everything,”
[11] He was smart Eric Hargreaves, “H.M.,”
[12] When the doctor proposed cutting Benedict Carey, “H. M., Whose Loss of Memory Made Him Unforgettable, Dies,”
[13] with a small straw This was a common practice at the time.
[14] He introduced himself to his doctors Dittrich, “The Brain That Changed Everything”; Larry R. Squire, “Memory and Brain Systems: 1969-2009,”
[15] transformed our understanding of habits’ power Jonathan M. Reed et al., “Learning About Categories That Are Defined by Object-Like Stimuli Despite Impaired Declarative Memory,”
[16] a golf ball-sized B. Bendriem et al., “Quantitation of the Human Basal Ganglia with Positron Emission Tomography: A Phantom Study of the Effect of Contrast and Axial Positioning,”
[17] an oval of cells G. E. Alexander and M. D. Crutcher, “Functional Architecture of Basal Ganglia Circuits: Neural Substrates of Parallel Processing,”
[18] diseases such as Parkinson’s Alain Dagher and T. W. Robbins, “Personality, Addiction, Dopamine: Insights from Parkinson’s Disease,”
[19] to open food containers I am indebted to the following sources for expanding my understanding of the work at the MIT labs, the basal ganglia, and its role in habits and memory: F. Gregory Ashby and John M. Ennis, “The Role of the Basal Ganglia in Category Learning,”
