[133] “If you use it up too early” Roy F. Baumeister et al., “Ego-Depletion: Is the Active Self a Limited Resource?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 18 (1998): 130-50; R. F. Baumeister, M. Muraven, and D. M. Tice, “Self-Control as a Limited Resource: Regulatory Depletion Patterns,” Psychological Bulletin 126 (1998): 247-59; R. F. Baumeister, M. Muraven, and D. M. Tice, “Longitudinal Improvement of Self-Regulation Through Practice: Building Self-Control Strength Through Repeated Exercise,” Journal of Social Psychology 139 (1999): 446-57; R. F. Baumeister, M. Muraven, and D. M. Tice, “Ego Depletion: A Resource Model of Volition, Self-Regulation, and Controlled Processing,” Social Cognition 74 (2000): 1252-65; Roy F. Baumeister and Mark Muraven, “Self-Regulation and Depletion of Limited Resources: Does Self-Control Resemble a Muscle?” Psychological Bulletin 126 (2000): 247-59; See also M. S. Hagger et al., “Ego Depletion and the Strength Model of Self-Control: A Meta-Analysis,” Psychological Bulletin 136 (2010): 495-25; R. G. Baumeister, K. D. Vohs, and D. M. Tice, “The Strength Model of Self-Control,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 16 (2007): 351-55; M. I. Posne and M. K. Rothbart, “Developing Mechanisms of Self-Regulation,” Development and Psychopathology 12 (2000): 427-41; Roy F. Baumeister and Todd F. Heatherton, “Self-Regulation Failure: An Overview,” Psychological Inquiry 7 (1996): 1-15; Kathleen D. Vohs et al., “Making Choices Impairs Subsequent Self-Control: A Limited-Resource Account of Decision Making, Self-Regulation, and Active Initiative,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94 (2008): 883-98; Daniel Romer et al., “Can Adolescents Learn Self-Control? Delay of Gratification in the Development of Control over Risk Taking,” Prevention Science 11 (2010): 319-30. In a fact-checking email, Muraven wrote: “Our research suggests that people often don’t even realize that they are depleted and that the first act of self-control affected them. Instead, exerting self-control causes people to be less willing to work hard on subsequent self-control efforts (ultimately, this is a theory of motivation, not cognition)… [E]ven after the most depleting day, people still don’t urinate on the floor. Again, this suggests the motivational aspect of the theory-they lack the motivation to force themselves to do things that are less important to them. I realize this may seem like splitting hairs, but it is critical to understand that self-control doesn’t fail because the person cannot muster the needed resources. Instead it fails because the effort seems too great for the payoff. Basically, I don’t want the next murderer to say that he was depleted so he couldn’t control himself.”
[134] They enrolled two dozen people Megan Oaten and K. Cheng, “Longitudinal Gains in Self-Regulation from Regular Physical Exercise,” Journal of Health Psychology 11 (2006): 717-33. See also Roy F. Baumeister et al., “Self-Regulation and Personality: How Interventions Increase Regulatory Success, and How Depletion Moderates the Effects of Traits on Behavior,” Journal of Personality 74 (2006): 1773-1801.
[135] So they designed another experiment Megan Oaten and K. Cheng, “Improvements in Self-Control from Financial Monitoring,” Journal of Economic Psychology 28 (2007): 487-501.
[136] fifteen fewer cigarettes each day Roy F. Baumeister et al., “Self-Regulation and Personality.”
[137] They enrolled forty-five Ibid.
[138] Heatherton, a researcher at Dartmouth For a selection of Heatherton’s fascinating work, see Todd F. Heatherton, Ph.D., http://www.dartmouth.edu/~heath/#Pubs last modified June 30, 2009.
[139] Many of these schools have dramatically Lehrer, “The Secret of Self Control.”
[140] A five-year-old who can follow In a fact-checking email, Dr. Heatherton expanded upon this idea: “Exactly how the brain does this is somewhat unclear, although I propose that people develop better frontal control over subcortical reward centers… The repeated practice helps strengthen the ‘muscle’ (although clearly it is not a muscle; more likely it is better prefrontal cortical control or the development of a strong network of brain regions involved in controlling behavior).” For more information, see Todd F. Heatherton and Dylan D. Wagner, “Cognitive Neuroscience of Self-Regulation Failure,” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 15 (2011): 132-39.
[141] They sponsored weight-loss classes In a fact-checking email, a Starbucks spokesman wrote: “Currently, Starbucks offers discounts at many of the national fitness clubs. We believe that this discussion should be more around overall health and wellness options provided to our partners, rather than focusing specifically on gym memberships. We know that our partners want to find ways to be well and we continue to look for programs that will enable them to do that.”
[142] opening seven new stores every day Michael Herriman et al., “A Crack in the Mug: Can Starbucks Mend It?” Harvard Business Review, October 2008.
[143] In 1992, a British psychologist Sheina Orbell and Paschal Sheeran, “Motivational and Volitional Processes in Action Initiation: A Field Study of the Role of Implementation Intentions,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 30, no. 4 (April 2000): 780-97.
[144] An impatient crowd might overwhelm In a fact-checking statement, a Starbucks spokesman wrote: “Overall accurate assessment, however, we would argue that any job is stressful. As mentioned above, one of the key elements of our Customer Service Vision is that every partner owns the customer experience. This empowerment lets partners know that the company trusts them to resolve issues and helps create the confidence to successfully navigate these moments.”
[145] The company identified specific rewards These details were confirmed with Starbucks employees and executives. In a fact-checking statement, however, a Starbucks spokesman wrote: “This is not accurate.” The spokesman declined to provide further details.
[146] We Listen to the customer In a fact-checking statement, a Starbucks spokesman wrote: “While it is certainly not incorrect or wrong to refer to it, LATTE is no
