other Alcoa executives from this period, they said it was widely known that promotions were available only to those employees who evidenced a commitment to safety, and that promise of promotion served as a reward, even if that was not O’Neill’s intention.
[109] Any time someone was injured In a fact-checking conversation, O’Neill made clear that, at the time, the concept of the “habit loop” was unknown to him. He didn’t necessarily think of these programs as fulfilling a criterion for habits, though in retrospect, he acknowledges how his efforts are aligned with more recent research indicating how organizational habits emerge.
[110] Take, for instance, studies from P. Callaghan, “Exercise: A Neglected Intervention in Mental Health Care?” Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing 11 (2004): 476-83; S. N. Blair, “Relationships Between Exercise or Physical Activity and Other Health Behaviors,” Public Health Reports 100 (2009): 172-80; K. J. Van Rensburg, A. Taylor, and T. Hodgson, “The Effects of Acute Exercise on Attentional Bias Toward Smoking-Related Stimuli During Temporary Abstinence from Smoking,” Addiction 104, no. 11 (2009): 1910-17; E. R. Ropelle et al., “IL-6 and IL- 10 Anti-inflammatory Activity Links Exercise to Hypothalamic Insulin and Leptin Sensitivity Through IKKb and ER Stress Inhibition,” PLoS Biology 8, no. 8 (2010); P. M. Dubbert, “Physical Activity and Exercise: Recent Advances and Current Challenges,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 70 (2002): 526-36; C. Quinn, “Training as Treatment,” Nursing Standard 24 (2002): 18-19.
[111] Studies have documented that families S. K. Hamilton and J. H. Wilson, “Family Mealtimes: Worth the Effort?” Infant, Child, and Adolescent Nutrition 1 (2009): 346-50; American Dietetic Association, “Eating Together as a Family Creates Better Eating Habits Later in Life,” ScienceDaily.com September 4, 2007, accessed April 1, 2011.
[112] Making your bed every morning Richard Layard, Happiness: Lessons from a New Science (New York: Penguin Press, 2005); Daniel Nettle, Happiness: The Science Behind Your Smile (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005); Marc Ian Barasch, Field Notes on the Compassionate Life: A Search for the Soul of Kindness (Emmaus, Penn.: Rodale, 2005); Alfie Kohn, Unconditional Parenting: Moving from Rewards and Punishments to Love and Reason (New York: Atria Books, 2005); P. Alex Linley and Stephen Joseph, eds., Positive Psychology in Practice (Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley, 2004).
[113] By 7 A.M., I am indebted to the time and help of Bob Bowman in understanding Phelps’s training, as well as to Michael Phelps and Alan Abra-hamson, No Limits: The Will to Succeed (New York: Free Press, 2009); Michael Phelps and Brian Cazeneuve, Beneath the Surface (Champaign, Ill.: Sports Publishing LLC, 2008); Bob Schaller, Michael Phelps: The Untold Story of a Champion (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2008); Karen Crouse, “Avoiding the Deep End When It Comes to Jitters,” The New York Times, July 26, 2009; Mark Levine, “Out There,” The New York Times, August 3, 2008; Eric Adelson, “And After That, Mr. Phelps Will Leap a Tall Building in a Single Bound,” ESPN.com July 28, 2008; Sean Gregory, “Michael Phelps: A Real GOAT,” Time, August 13, 2008; Norman Frauenheim, “Phelps Takes 4th, 5th Gold Medals,” The Arizona Republic, August 12, 2008.
[114] “Once a small win has been accomplished” Karl E. Weick, “Small Wins: Redefining the Scale of Social Problems,” American Psychologist 39 (1984): 40-49.
[115] Small wins fuel transformative changes “Small Wins-The Steady Application of a Small Advantage,” Center for Applied Research, 1998, accessed June 24, 2011, http://www.cfar.com/Documents/Smal_win.pdf.
[116] It seemed like the gay community’s For more details on this incident, see Alix Spiegel’s wonderful “81 Words,” broadcast on This American Life, January 18, 2002, http://www.thisamericanlife.org/.
[117] HQ 71-471 (“Abnormal Sexual Relations, Including Sexual Crimes”) Malcolm Spector and John I. Kitsuse, Constructing Social Problems (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2001).
[118] He couldn’t tell if they were leaking Phelps and Abrahamson, No Limits.
[119] It was one additional victory For further discussion of habits and Olympic swimmers, see Daniel Chambliss, “The Mundanity of Excellence,” Sociological Theory 7 (1989): 70-86.
[120] He was killed instantly Paul O’Neill keynote speech, June 25, 2002, at the Juran Center, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
[121] Rural areas, in particular “Infant Mortality Rates, 1950-2005,” http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0779935.html; William H. Berentsen, “German Infant Mortality 1960-1980,” Geographical Review 77 (1987): 157-70; Paul Norman et al., “Geographical Trends in Infant Mortality: England and Wales, 1970-2006,” Health Statistics Quarterly 40 (2008): 18-29.
[122] Today, the U.S. infant mortality World Bank, World Development Indicators. In an email sent in response to fact-checking questions, O’Neill wrote: “This is correct, but I would not take credit for our society doing a better job in reducing infant mortality.”
[123] They began diets and joined gyms T. A. Wadden, M. L. Butryn, and C. Wilson, “Lifestyle Modification for the Management of Obesity,” Gastro-enterology 132 (2007): 2226-38.
