Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 29, no. 11 (2005): 1983-1990; Lee Ann Kaskutas, “Alcoholics Anonymous Effectiveness: Faith Meets Science,” Journal of Addictive Diseases 28, no. 2 (2009): 145-57; J. Scott Tonigan, W. R. Miller, and Carol Schermer, “Atheists, Agnostics, and Alcoholics Anonymous,” Journal of Studies on Alcohol 63, no. 5 (2002): 534-54.
[97] Paramedics had rushed him Jarrett Bell, “Tragedy Forces Dungy ‘to Live in the Present,’ ” USA Today, September 1, 2006; Ohm Youngmisuk, “The Fight to Live On,” New York Daily News, September 10, 2006; Phil Richards, “Dungy: Son’s Death Was a ‘Test,’ ” The Indianapolis Star, January 25, 2007; David Goldberg, “Tragedy Lessened by Game,” Tulsa World, January 30, 2007; “Dungy Makes History After Rough Journey,” Akron Beacon Journal, February 5, 2007; “From Pain, a Revelation,” The New York Times, July 2007; “Son of Colts’ Coach Tony Dungy Apparently Committed Suicide,” Associated Press, December 22, 2005; Larry Stone, “Colts Take Field with Heavy Hearts,” The Seattle Times, December 25, 2005; Clifton Brown, “Dungy’s Son Is Found Dead; Suicide Suspected,” The New York Times, December 23, 2005; Peter King, “A Father’s Wish,” Sports Illustrated, February 2007.
[98] In a 1994 Harvard study Todd F. Heatherton and Patricia A. Nichols, “Personal Accounts of Successful Versus Failed Attempts at Life Change,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 20, no. 6 (1994): 664-75.
[99] Dungy’s team, once again, was I am indebted to Michael Smith, “ ‘Simple’ Scheme Nets Big Gains for Trio of Defenses,” ESPN.com December 26, 2005.
[100] It’s our time Michael Silver, “This Time, It’s Manning’s Moment,” Sports Illustrated, February 2007.
[101] They were there to meet For details on O’Neill’s life and Alcoa, I am indebted to Paul O’Neill for his generous time, as well as numerous Alcoa executives. I also drew on Pamela Varley, “Vision and Strategy: Paul H. O’Neill at OMB and Alcoa,” Kennedy School of Government, 1992; Peter Zimmerman, “Vision and Strategy: Paul H. O’Neill at OMB and Alcoa Sequel,” Kennedy School of Government, 1994; Kim B. Clark and Joshua Margolis, “Workplace Safety at Alcoa (A),” Harvard Business Review, October 31, 1999; Steven J. Spear, “Workplace Safety at Alcoa (B),” Harvard Business Review, December 22, 1999; Steven Spear, Chasing the Rabbit: How Market Leaders Outdistance the Competition and How Great Companies Can Catch Up and Win (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009); Peter Kolesar, “Vision, Values, and Milestones: Paul O’Neill Starts Total Quality at Alcoa,” California Management Review 35, no. 3 (1993): 133-65; Ron Suskind, The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O’Neill (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004); Michael Arndt, “How O’Neill Got Alcoa Shining,” BusinessWeek, February 2001; Glenn Kessler, “O’Neill Offers Cure for Workplace Injuries,” The Washington Post, March 31, 2001; “Pittsburgh Health Initiative May Serve as US Model,” Reuters, May 31; S. Smith, “America’s Safest Companies: Alcoa: Finding True North,” Occupational Hazards 64, no. 10 (2002): 53; Thomas A. Stewart, “A New Way to Wake Up a Giant,” Fortune, October 1990; “O’Neill’s Tenure at Alcoa Mixed,” Associated Press, December 21, 2000; Leslie Wayne, “Designee Takes a Deft Touch and a Firm Will to Treasury,” The New York Times, January 16, 2001; Terence Roth, “Alcoa Had Loss of $14.7 Million in 4th Quarter,” The Wall Street Journal, January 21, 1985; Daniel F. Cuff, “Alcoa Hedges Its Bets, Slowly,” The New York Times, October 24, 1985; “Alcoa Is Stuck as Two Unions Reject Final Bid,” The Wall Street Journal, June 2, 1986; Mark Russell, “Alcoa Strike Ends as Two Unions Agree to Cuts in Benefits and to Wage Freezes,” The Wall Street Journal, July 7, 1986; Thomas F. O’Boyle and Peter Pae, “The Long View: O’Neill Recasts Alcoa with His Eyes Fixed on the Decade Ahead,” The Wall Street Journal, April 9, 1990; Tracey E. Benson, “Paul O’Neill: True Innovation, True Values, True Leadership,” Industry Week 242, no. 8 (1993): 24; Joseph Kahn, “Industrialist with a Twist,” The New York Times, December 21, 2000.
[102] O’Neill was one Michael Lewis, “O’Neill’s List,” The New York Times, January 123, 2002; Ron Suskind, The Price of Loyalty: George W. Bush, the White House, and the Education of Paul O’Neill (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2004).
[103] What mattered was erecting In a fact-checking conversation, O’Neill made clear that the comparison between organizational routines and individual habits is one that he understands and agrees with, but did not explicitly occur to him at the time. “I can relate to that, but I don’t own that idea,” he told me. Then, as now, he recognizes routines such as the hospital-building program, which is known as the Hill-Burton Act, as an outgrowth of a pattern. “The reason they kept building was because the political instincts are still there that bringing money back home to the district is how people think they get reelected, no matter how much overcapacity we were creating,” he told me.
[104] “Routines are the organizational analogue” Geoffrey M. Hodgson, “The Nature and Replication of Routines,” unpublished manuscript, University of Hertfordshire, 2004, http://www.gredeg.cnrs.fr/routines/workshop/papers/Hodgson.pdf.
[105] It became an organizational In a fact-checking conversation, O’Neill wanted to stress that these examples of NASA and the EPA, though illustrative, do not draw on his insights or experiences. They are independently reported.
[106] When lawyers asked for permission Karl E. Weick, “Small Wins: Redefining the Scale of Social Problems,” American Psychologist 39 (1984): 40-49.
[107] By 1975, the EPA was issuing http://www.epa.gov.
[108] He instituted an automatic routine In a fact-checking conversation, O’Neill stressed that he believes that promotions and bonuses should not be tied to worker safety, any more than they should be tied to honesty. Rather, safety is a value that every Alcoa worker should embrace, regardless of the rewards. “It’s like saying, ‘We’re going to pay people more if they don’t lie,’ which suggests that it’s okay to lie a little bit, because we’ll pay you a little bit less,” he told me. However, it is important to note that in interviews with
