[85] graduate student named Mandy “Mandy” is a pseudonym used by the author of the case study this passage draws from.
[86] Mississippi State University B. A. Dufrene, Steuart Watson, and J. S. Kazmerski, “Functional Analysis and Treatment of Nail Biting,” Behavior Modification 32 (2008): 913-27.
[87] The counseling center referred Mandy In a fact-checking letter, the author of this study, Brad Dufrene, wrote that the patient “consented to services at a university-based clinic which was a training and research clinic. At the outset of participating in therapy, she consented to allowing us to use data from her case as in research presentations or publications.”
[88] one of the developers of habit reversal training N. H. Azrin and R. G. Nunn, “Habit-Reversal: A Method of Eliminating Nervous Habits and Tics,” Behaviour Research and Therapy 11, no. 4 (1973): 619-28; Nathan H. Azrin and Alan L. Peterson, “Habit Reversal for the Treatment of Tourette Syndrome,” Behaviour Research and Therapy 26, no. 4 (1988): 347-51; N. H. Azrin, R. G. Nunn, and S. E. Frantz, “Treatment of Hairpulling (Trichotillomania): A Comparative Study of Habit Reversal and Negative Practice Training,” Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 11 (1980): 13-20; R. G. Nunn and N. H. Azrin, “Eliminating Nail-Biting by the Habit Reversal Procedure,” Behaviour Research and Therapy 14 (1976): 65-67; N. H. Azrin, R. G. Nunn, and S. E. Frantz-Renshaw, “Habit Reversal Versus Negative Practice Treatment of Nervous Tics,” Behavior Therapy 11, no. 2 (1980): 169-78; N. H. Azrin, R. G. Nunn, and S. E. Frantz-Renshaw, “Habit Reversal Treatment of Thumbsucking,” Behaviour Research and Therapy 18, no. 5 (1980): 395-99.
[89] Today, habit reversal therapy In a fact-checking letter, Dufrene emphasized that methods such as those used with Mandy-known as “simplified habit reversal training”-sometimes differ from other methods of HRT. “My understanding is that Simplified Habit Reversal is effective for reducing habits (e.g., hair pulling, nail biting, thumb sucking), tics (motor and vocal), and stuttering,” he wrote. However, other conditions might require more intense forms of HRT. “Effective treatments for depression, smoking, gambling problems, etc. fall under the umbrella term ‘Cognitive Behavioral Therapy,’ ” Dufrene wrote, emphasizing that simplified habit replacement is often not effective for those problems, which require more intensive interventions.
[90] verbal and physical tics R. G. Nunn, K. S. Newton, and P. Faucher, “2.5 Years Follow-up of Weight and Body Mass Index Values in the Weight Control for Life! Program: A Descriptive Analysis,” Addictive Behaviors 17, no. 6 (1992): 579-85; D. J. Horne, A. E. White, and G. A. Varigos, “A Preliminary Study of Psychological Therapy in the Management of Atopic Eczema,” British Journal of Medical Psychology 62, no. 3 (1989): 241-48; T. Deckersbach et al., “Habit Reversal Versus Supportive Psychotherapy in Tourette’s Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial and Predictors of Treatment Response,” Behaviour Research and Therapy 44, no. 8 (2006): 1079-90; Douglas W. Woods and Raymond G. Miltenberger, “Habit Reversal: A Review of Applications and Variations,” Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry 26, no. 2 (1995): 123-31; D. W. Woods, C. T. Wetterneck, and C. A. Flessner, “A Controlled Evaluation of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Plus Habit Reversal for Trichotillomania,” Behaviour Research and Therapy 44, no. 5 (2006): 639-56.
[91] More than three dozen studies J. O. Prochaska and C. C. DiClemente, “Stages and Processes of Self-Change in Smoking: Toward an Integrative Model of Change,” Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 51, no. 3 (1983): 390-95; James Prochaska, “Strong and Weak Principles for Progressing from Precontemplation to Action on the Basis of Twelve Problem Behaviors,” Health Psychology 13 (1994): 47-51; James Prochaska et al., “Stages of Change and Decisional Balance for 12 Problem Behaviors,” Health Psychology 13 (1994): 39-46; James Prochaska and Michael Goldstein, “Process of Smoking Cessation: Implications for Clinicians,” Clinics in Chest Medicine 12, no. 4 (1991): 727-35; James O. Prochaska, John Norcross, and Carlo DiClemente, Changing for Good: A Revolutionary Six-Stage Program for Overcoming Bad Habits and Moving Your Life Positively Forward (New York: HarperCollins, 1995).
[92] “Most of the time, it’s not physical” Devin Gordon, “Coach Till You Drop,” Newsweek, September 2, 2002, 48.
[93] during crucial, high-stress moments In fact-checking correspondence, Dungy said he “would not characterize it as falling apart in big games. I would call it not playing well enough in crucial situations, not being able to put those lessons into practice when it was all on the line. St. Louis had one of the highest scoring offenses in the history of the NFL. They managed one TD that game with about 3 minutes left. A team that was scoring almost 38 points a game got 1 TD and 1 FG against the defense, so I hardly think they ‘fell apart.’ ”
[94] “What they were really saying” In fact-checking correspondence, Dungy said “we did lose again in the playoffs to Phil, in another poor showing. This was probably our worst playoff game and it was done under the cloud of rumors, so everyone knew that… ownership would be making a coaching change. I think we had instances in the past where we didn’t truly trust the system, but I’m not sure that was the case here. Philadelphia was just a tough match-up for us and we couldn’t get past them. And not playing well, the score turned out to be ugly. However, it was one of our worst games since the ’96 season.”
[95] began asking alcoholics John W. Traphagan, “Multidimensional Measurement of Religiousness/Spirituality for Use in Health Research in Cross-Cultural Perspective,” Research on Aging 27 (2005): 387-419. Many of those studies use the scale published in G. J. Conners et al., “Measure of Religious Background and Behavior for Use in Behavior Change Research,” Psychology of Addictive Behaviors 10, no. 2 (June 1996): 90-96.
[96] Then they looked at the data Sarah Zemore, “A Role for Spiritual Change in the Benefits of 12-Step Involvement,” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 31 (2007): 76s-79s; Lee Ann Kaskutas et al., “The Role of Religion, Spirituality, and Alcoholics Anonymous in Sustained Sobriety,” Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly 21 (2003): 1-16; Lee Ann Kaskutas et al., “Alcoholics Anonymous Careers: Patterns of AA Involvement Five Years After Treatment Entry,”
