war in 1917 in the hope that it would bring about a 'transvaluation of values.' Once again, Lippmann hoped Americans would embrace a collective mission, this time in the face of the Soviet challenge. Jeffries, ''Quest for National Purpose' of 1960,' p. 454, citing 'An Unwitting Paul Revere?' Newsweek, Sept. 28, 1959, pp. 33-34.
12. Adlai E. Stevenson, 'National Purpose: Stevenson's View,' New York Times, May 26, 1960, p. 30; Charles F. Darlington, 'Not the Goal, Only the Means,' New York Times, July 3, 1960, p. 25; Charles F. Darlington, letter, New York Times, May 27, 1960, p. 30.
13. Jeffries, ''Quest for National Purpose' of 1960,' p. 462, citing William Attwood, 'How America Feels as We Enter the Soaring Sixties,' Look, Jan. 5, 1960, pp. 11-15; Leebaert, Fifty-Year Wound, p. 261.
14. William F. Buckley, 'Mr. Goodwin's Great Society,' National Review (September 7, 1965), p. 760.
15. Garry Wills, The Kennedy Imprisonment: A Meditation on Power (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002), pp. 170, 171; David Schoenbaum, Hitler's Social Revolution: Class and Status in Nazi Germany, 1933-1939 (New York: Norton, 1980), p. xv n. 4.
16. Leebaert, Fifty-Year Wound, p. 263; Wills, Kennedy Imprisonment, p. 171.
17. H. W. Brands, The Strange Death of American Liberalism (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2001), pp. 87-88.
18. Christopher Lasch, Haven in a Heartless World: The Family Besieged (New York: Norton, 1995), p. 218 n. 55, citing David Eakins, 'Policy-Planning for the Establishment,' in A New History of Leviathan, ed. Ronald Radosh and Murray Rothbard (New York: Dutton, 1972), p. 198.
19. James Reston, 'A Portion of Guilt for All,' New York Times, Nov. 25, 1963; Tom Wicker, 'Johnson Bids Congress Enact Civil Rights Bill with Speed; Asks End of Hate and Violence,' New York Times, Nov. 28, 1963.
20. 'When JFK's Ideals Are Realized, Expiation of Death Begins, Bishop Says,' Washington Post, Dec. 9, 1963, p. B7.
21. Robert N. Bellah, 'Civil Religion in America,' Daedalus 96, no. 1 (Winter 1967), pp. 1-21; C. L. Sulzberger, 'A New Frontier and an Old Dream,' New York Times, Jan. 23, 1961, p. 22.
22. Bill Kauffman, 'The Bellamy Boys Pledge Allegiance,' American Enterprise 13, no. 7 (Oct./Nov. 2002), p. 50.
23. Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward, 2000-1887 (New York: New American Library, 1960), p. 111.
24. Nicholas P. Gilman, ''Nationalism' in the United States,' Quarterly Journal of Economics 4, no. 1 (Oct. 1889), pp. 50-76; Bellamy, Looking Backward, p. 143.
25. The story of the Pledge of Allegiance and its National Socialist roots is a fascinating one. Rex Curry, a passionate libertarian, has made the issue his white whale. See rexcurry.net/pledgesalute.html.
26. 'Hail New Party in Fervent Song,' New York Times, Aug. 6, 1912, p. 1.
27. Senator Albert Beveridge, Congressional Record, Senate, Jan. 9, 1900, pp. 704 -11, quoted in The Philippines Reader: A History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance, ed. Daniel B. Schirmer and Stephen Rosskamm Shalom (Boston: South End Press, 1987), p. 23.
28. Walter Rauschenbusch, Christianizing the Social Order (New York: Macmillan, 1912), p. 330. The Social Gospel journal Dawn, founded in 1890, was intended 'to show that the aim of socialism is embraced in the aims of Christianity and to awaken members of Christian churches to the fact that the teachings of Jesus Christ lead directly to some specific form or forms of socialism.' William G. McLoughlin, Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform: An Essay on Religion and Social Change in America, 1607-1977 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), p. 175.
29. Charles Howard Hopkins, The Rise of the Social Gospel in American Protestantism, 1865- 1915 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1940), p. 253.
30. James Bovard, Freedom in Chains: The Rise of the State and the Demise of the Citizen (New York: St. Martin's, 2000), p. 4, quoting G. W. F. Hegel, The Philosophy of History (New York: Collier & Son, 1902), p. 87.
31. Murray N. Rothbard, 'Richard T. Ely: Paladin of the Welfare-Warfare State,' Independent Review 6, no. 4 (Spring 2002), p. 586, citing Sidney Fine, Laissez Faire and the General- Welfare State: A Study of Conflict in American Thought, 1865-1901 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1956), pp. 180-81; John R. Commons, 'The Christian Minister and Sociology' (1892), in John R. Commons: Selected Essays, ed. Malcolm Rutherford and Warren J. Samuels (New York: Routledge, 1996), p. 20; Eldon J. Eisenach, The Lost Promise of Progressivism (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1994), p. 60 n. 21.
32. John Lukacs, Remembered Past: John Lukacs on History, Historians, and Historical Knowledge (Wilmington, Del.: ISI Books, 2005), p. 305.
33. Woodrow Wilson, 'Force to the Utmost,' speech at the opening of the Third Liberty Loan Campaign, delivered in the Fifth Regiment Armory, Baltimore, April 6, 1918, in The Messages and Papers of Woodrow Wilson, ed. Albert Shaw (New York: Review of Reviews Corporation, 1924), vol. 1, p. 484; Woodrow Wilson, Address to Confederate Veterans, Washington, D.C., June 5, 1917, in ibid., p. 410; Ronald Schaffer, America in the Great War: The Rise of the War Welfare State (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), p. 10.
34. R. J. B. Bosworth, Mussolini's Italy: Life Under the Fascist Dictatorship, 1915- 1945 (New York: Penguin, 2006), p. 97.
35. An ad in a newspaper at the time gives a sense of how far the government intruded.
Here is your schedule for eating for the next 4 weeks which must be rigidly observed, says F. C. Findley, County Food Commissioner:
Monday: Wheatless every meal.
Tuesday: Meatless every meal.
Wednesday: Wheatless every meal.
Thursday: Breakfast, meatless; supper wheatless.
Friday: Breakfast, meatless; supper wheatless.
Saturday: Porkless every meal, meatless breakfast.
Sunday: Meatless breakfast; wheatless supper.
Sugar must be used very sparingly at all times. Do not put sugar in your coffee unless this is a long habit, and in that case use only one spoonful. (Robert Higgs, Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government [New York: Oxford University Press, 1987], p. 137)
36. John Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2000), p. 30. See also Alex Viskovatoff, 'A Deweyan Economic Methodology,' in Dewey, Pragmatism, and Economic Methodology, ed. Elias L. Khalil (New York: Routledge, 2004), p. 293; Virgil Michel, 'Liberalism Yesterday and Tomorrow,' Ethics 49, no. 4 (July 1939), pp. 417-34; Jonah Goldberg, 'The New-Time Religion: Liberalism and Its Problems,' National Review, May
