The Conscience of a Liberal

Gilded Age,” Political Science Quarterly 100, no. 4 (Winter 1985–86), pp. 669–87.

6.

“Col. Dudley’s Letter: ‘Divide the Floaters into Blocks of Five,’ New York Times, Nov. 3, 1888, p. 1.

7.

A detailed set of tables on immigrants and their role in the population may be found in “Historical Census Statistics on the Foreign-born Population of the United States: 1850–1990” (U.S. Census Population Division working paper no. 29, 1999).

8.

Thomas E. Watson, “The Negro Question in the South,” The Arena 6 (Oct. 1892), pp. 540–50.

9.

Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Crisis of the Old Order (Houghton Mifflin, 1957), pp. 94–100.

10.

Ibid., pp. 126–29.

11.

Jacob Metzer, “How New Was the New Era? The Public Sector in the 1920s,” Journal of Economic History 45, no. 1 (Mar. 1985), pp. 119–26.

12.

Quoted in David Khoudour-Casteras, “The Impact of Bismarck’s Social Legislation on German Emigration Before World War I” (photocopy, University of California, Berkeley, 2004).

13.

David M. Cutler and Richard Johnson, “The Birth and Growth of the Social-Insurance State: Explaining Old-age and Medical Insurance Across Countries,” Kyklos 57, no. 4 (2004), 475–504.

14.

Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, pp. 126–27.

15.

Quoted in Ibid., p. 303.

3 THE GREAT COMPRESSION

1.

Alvin Josephy, “The U.S.: A Strong and Stable Land,” Time, Sept. 14, 1953.

2.

“The Glittering Domains of LI’s Royalty,” http://www.newsday.com/ entertainment/localguide/ north- shore-nassau/ny-dligold,0, 7095725.story?cool=ny- explore-nsn-utility.

3.

Piketty and Saez “Income Inequality.”

4.

Income for the middle fifth of families from Historical Statistics of the United States, Series G 328, adjusted by consumer price index data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, bls.gov.

5.

Historical Statistics, B 402, ibid.

4 THE POLITICS OF THE WELFARE STATE

1.

Dwight D. Eisenhower to Edgar N. Eisenhower, Nov. 8, 1954, http://eisenhowermemorial.org/presidential-papers/first-term/documents/1147.sfn.

2.

See Schlesinger, Crisis of the Old Order, p. 136.

3.

J. J. Wallis, P. Fishback, and S. Kantor, “Politics, Relief, and Reform: The Transformation of America’s Social Welfare System during the New Deal” (National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper no. 11080, January 2005).