Spies and Commissars

25. HO 144/2158/322428/16, 22 and 29. My thanks to Harry Shukman for sharing this document with me as well as the documents in the next three endnotes.

26. HO 144/2158/322428/33.

27. HO 144/2158/322428/85.

28. HO 144/2158/322428: Assistant Commissioner of Police, 25 October 1917.

29. Sir G. Buchanan, My Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories, pp. 226–7 (diary); see also J. McHugh and B. J. Ripley, ‘Russian Political Internees in First World War Britain: The Cases of George Chicherin and Peter Petroff’, Historical Journal, no. 3 (1985), p. 736.

30. J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Sovietique, 1917–1919, vol. 1, pp. 170–1.

31. C. Anet, La Revolution russe: la terreur maximaliste, pp. 162–3.

32. J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Sovietique, 1917–1919, vol. 1, p. 179.

33. Sir G. Buchanan, My Mission to Russia and Other Diplomatic Memories, p. 243.

34. Ibid., pp. 239 and 247.

35. D. Lloyd George, War Memoirs, vol. 2, pp. 1550–1.

36. Ibid., p. 1551.

37. Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, pp. 963–4.

38. W. Hard, Raymond Robins’ Own Story, pp. 97–9.

39. Ibid., pp. 57–8, 64–5 and 70.

40. L. Bryant, Six Red Months in Russia, ch. 24.

41. G. Buchanan (en clair report to London), pp. i–ii, 2 January 1918: Milner Papers.

42. C. Anet, La Revolution russe: la terreur maximaliste, p. 201; General Niessel, Le Triomphe des bolcheviks et la paix de Brest-Litovsk: souvenirs, 1917–1918, p. 187.

43. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la revolution bolchevique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919, p. 140: letter to A. Thomas, 25 November/8 December 1917.

44. L. Bryant, Six Red Months in Russia, ch. 24.

45. General Niessel, Le Triomphe des bolcheviks et la paix de Brest-Litovsk: souvenirs, 1917– 1918, p. 186.

46. L. de Robien, The Diary of a Diplomat in Russia, p. 186; Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, p. 942.

47. Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, p. 961.

48. D. R. Francis, Russia from the American Embassy, April 1916–November 1918, pp. 168–9.

49. Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, pp. 962–3; D. R. Francis, Russia from the American Embassy, April 1916– November 1918, pp. 210–11.

50. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land, pp. 152–3; G. A. Hill, Dreaded Hour, pp. 133–4.

51. J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Sovietique, 1917–1919, vol. 1, pp. 183–4.

52. L. de Robien, The Diary of a Diplomat in Russia, p. 190.

53. Sovnarkom meeting, 1(14) January 1918: GARF, f. R-130, op. 2, d. 1, item 1.

54. J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Sovietique, 1917–1919, vol. 1, pp. 186–7.

55. Ibid., pp. 185–9; D. R. Francis, Russia from the American Embassy, April 1916–November 1918, pp. 216–17.

56. J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Sovietique, 1917–1919, vol. 1, pp. 190–1; Bolshevik Propaganda: Hearings before a Subcommittee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, pp. 963–4.

57. D. R. Francis, Russia from the American Embassy, April 1916–November 1918, pp. 219–20.

8. The Other West

1. Russia. Posol’stvo (HIA), box 1: Russian ambassador in France to the embassy in Washington, 24, 26 and 29 December 1917 (Old Style).

2. D. S. Foglesong, America’s Secret War against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917–1920, p. 57.

3. National Archives, FO 371/3295/6933.

4. A. E. Senn, Diplomacy and Revolution: The Soviet Mission to Switzerland, 1918, pp. 43–53.

5. I. Litvinov, untitled autobiographical fragment: Ivy Litvinov Papers (HIA), box 10, folder 5, p. 27.

6. Ibid.

7. D. Lloyd George, War Memoirs, vol. 2, pp. 1552–3.

8. Ibid., p. 1553.

9. Russia. Posol’stvo (HIA), box 1: Nabokov’s telegram to the US embassy, 3(16) January 1918.

10. Ibid.: Paris ambassador to all Russian embassies, 6(19) January 1918.

11. Ibid.: Nabokov’s telegram to the US embassy, 4(17) January 1918.

12. I. Maisky, Journey into the Past, p. 78; Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP(b): avgust 1917–fevral’ 1918 (Gosizdat: Moscow, 1958), p. 165.

13. Maisky’s notes on Litvinov’s conversational memoir, Journey into the Past, pp. 62–5; Russia. Posol’stvo (HIA), box 1: Nabokov’s telegram to the US embassy, 4(17) January 1918.

14. Maisky’s notes on Litvinov’s conversational memoir, Journey into the Past, pp. 62–5.

15. Russia. Posol’stvo (HIA), box 1: Nabokov’s telegram to the US embassy, 21 January (8 February) 1918.

16. Daily News and Leader, 19 February 1918.

17. Labour Leader, 24 January 1918.

18. http://gdl.cdlr.strath.ac.uk/redclyde/redcly074.htm; V. V. Aldoshin, Yu. V. Ivanov, V. M. Semenov and V. A. Tarasov (eds), Sovetsko- amerikanskie otnosheniya: gody nepriznaniya, 1918–1926, p. 12.

19. Extracts of report by Basil Thomson on Litvinov, 20 February 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 364, fols 49– 51.

20. House of Commons Debates, 19 February 1918, vol. 103, col. 607.

21. I. Litvinov, autobiographical fragment, ‘Letters to Viola’, p. 28: St Antony’s RESC Archive.

22. Ibid.

23. Ibid., pp. 28a–30.

24. I. Litvinov, untitled autobiographical fragment: Ivy Litvinov Papers (HIA), box 9, folder 10, p. 28a.

25. Ibid., p. 37: St Antony’s RESC Archive.

26. Ibid.