Spies and Commissars

30. A. A. Ioffe, ‘N. Lenin i nasha vneshnyaya politika’ (dated 20 October 1927), APRF, f. 31, op. 1, d. 4, pp. 212–13.

31. Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP(b): avgust 1917–fevral’ 1918, pp. 206–8.

32. Ibid., p. 215.

33. O. M. Sayler, Russia White or Red, pp. 160–1; J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Sovietique, 1917–1919, vol. 1, p. 231, and vol. 2, pp. 29, 36 and 38; L. de Robien, The Diary of a Diplomat in Russia, p. 237.

34. B. Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin, p. 15.

10. Breathing Dangerously

1. B. Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin, p. 9.

2. A. A. Ioffe to V. I. Lenin, 11 March 1918, reproduced in V. Krasnov and V. Daines (eds), Neizvestnyi Trotskii. Krasnyi Bonapart: Dokumenty, mneniya, razmyshleniya, p. 40.

3. Sovnarkom formally made Chicherin the ‘Acting Deputy’ on 13 March 1918: RGASPI, f. 2, op. 1, d. 5483. See also RGASPI, f. 17, op. 2, d. 104, p. 43b (Central Committee and Central Control Commission meeting, 26 October 1923).

4. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 36, p. 324.

5. W. Hard, Raymond Robins’ Own Story, pp. 138–9.

6. Ibid., p. 141.

7. O. Wardrop to A. J. Balfour, 16 April 1918: National Archives, FO 371/3331/9741.

8. W. Hard, Raymond Robins’ Own Story, pp. 140–5. On Francis’s links to the American railway engineers in Siberia see B. O. Johnson, ‘American Railway Engineers in Siberia’, American Engineer, no. 81, May–June 1923, pp. 187–91.

9. Letter (in French, on Credit Lyonnais notepaper) by unknown person to unknown addressee, summer 1918(?), p. 2: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), folder: Robin Bruce Lockhart, ‘Reilly: Russian Revolution, Etc.: Sources: Sir Edward Spears’.

10. W. Hard, Raymond Robins’ Own Story, pp. 148–9 and 151–2.

11. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 36, p. 105.

12. Ibid., p. 250.

13. Ibid., p. 323.

14. R. H. Bruce Lockhart to A. J. Balfour, 7 November 1918, pp. 1–2: Robert Hamilton Bruce Lockhart Papers (HIA), box 12; R. H. Bruce Lockhart, Friends, Foes and Foreigners, p. 273.

15. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, Friends, Foes and Foreigners, p. 275.

16. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la revolution bolchevique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919, pp. 262–3: letter to A. Thomas, 13 March 1918.

17. Ibid. See also N. V. Salzman, Reform and Revolution: The Life and Times of Raymond Robins, p. 141.

18. A. Rhys Williams, Lenin: The Man and his Work, p. 97.

19. R. H. Bruce Lockhart (Moscow report to London), 18 March 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 364, fol. 126.

20. A. J. Balfour to R. H. Bruce Lockhart, 13 March 1918: ibid., fols 88–9.

21. Col. A. Knox, ‘The Delay in the East’, 18 March 1918: ibid., fols 131–2 and 134.

22. M. J. Carley, Revolution and Intervention: The French Government and the Russian Civil War, 1917–1919, p. 57.

23. P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 33, folder 5.

24. D. S. Foglesong, America’s Secret War against Bolshevism: U.S. Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1917–1920, pp. 194–5.

25. ‘President Wilson’s Views on Allied Intervention in Russia’, circulated to King and War Cabinet, 10 May 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 141, fols 2–4.

26. R. H. Bruce Lockhart, Memoirs of a British Agent, Being an Account of the Author’s Early Life in Many Lands and of his Official Mission to Moscow in 1918, pp. 248–9.

27. Ibid., pp. 249–50. Lockhart’s estimate of Francis’s age was out by a decade.

28. C. Kinvig, Churchill’s Crusade: The British Invasion of Russia, 1918–1920, p. 24.

29. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la revolution bolchevique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919, pp. 294–5: letter to A. Thomas, 7 April 1918.

30. C. Kinvig, Churchill’s Crusade, pp. 23–4.

31. I. N. Steinberg, ‘The Events of July 1918’: typescript (HIA), p. 3.

32. Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs to Ukrainian Peace Delegation, 23 September 1918: P. N. Vrangel Collection (HIA), box 35, folder 10.

33. Sovnarkom meeting, 2 April 1918: GARF, f. R-130, op. 2, d. 1.

34. Central Committee meeting, 10 May 1918: Izvestiya Tsentral’nogo Komiteta KPSS, no. 4 (1989), pp. 143–4.

35. Pravda, 24 May 1918.

36. J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Sovietique, 1917–1919, vol. 2, pp. 27–8 and 55.

37. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la revolution bolchevique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919, p. 271: letter to A. Thomas, 18 March 1918; J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Sovietique, 1917– 1919, vol. 2, pp. 26–7.

38. General Niessel, Le Triomphe des bolcheviks et la paix de Brest-Litovsk: souvenirs, 1917– 1918, p. 326.

39. G. A. Hill, Go Spy the Land, p. 190.

40. W. Hard, Raymond Robins’ Own Story, pp. 197–9.

41. Ibid., pp. 202–3.

42. R. H. Bruce Lockhart report (Moscow), 5 June 1918: Milner Papers, dep. 365, fol. 78.

43. J. Noulens, Mon ambassade en Russie Sovietique, 1917–1919, vol. 1, p. 178; J. Sadoul, Notes sur la revolution bolchevique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919, p. 367: letter to A. Thomas, 28 May 1918; V. Fic, The Bolsheviks and the Czechoslovak Legion, pp. 5–8, 10–13 and 41–3.

44. W. Hard, Raymond Robins’ Own Story, pp. 202–3.

45. G. Swain, ‘“An Interesting and Plausible Proposal”: Bruce Lockhart, Sidney Reilly and the Latvian Riflemen, Russia 1918’, Intelligence and National Security, no. 3 (1999), p. 83.

46. C. Kinvig, Churchill’s Crusade, p. 13.

47. Sovnarkom meeting, 20 July 1918: GARF, f. R-130, op. 2, d. 2.

48. Sovnarkom meeting, 22 January 1918 (NS): ibid., d. 1.

49. V. I. Lenin, Polnoe sobranie sochinenii, vol. 36, p. 324.

50. The Times, 8 March 1918.

51. L. de Robien, The Diary of a Diplomat in Russia, p. 252.

52. R. Vaucher, L’Enfer bolchevik a Petrograd sous la commune et la terreur rouge, pp. 208–9.

53. J. Sadoul, Notes sur la revolution bolchevique, octobre 1917–janvier 1919, p. 319: letter to A. Thomas, 26 April 1918.

54. R. Vaucher, L’Enfer bolchevik a Petrograd sous la commune et la terreur rouge, p. 209.