Stalin: A Biography

14. See T. Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire, pp. 302–3.

15. See above, pp. 276–7.

16. Tak govoril Kaganovich, p. 48.

17. See above, pp. 204–5.

18. See G. Hewitt, ‘Language Planning in Georgia’, pp. 137–9.

19. See the files reproduced in Abkhaziya: dokumenty svidel’stvuyut. 1937– 1953.

20. GDMS, Hall III holds a copy of Stalin’s suggestion for Nutsubidze’s anthology.

21. See above, pp. 96–101.

22. See R. Service, A History of Twentieth-Century Russia, pp. 206–7 and 318.

23. Ibid.

24. Zastol’nye rechi Stalina. Dokumenty i materialy, p. 151 (first variant of notes taken by R. P. Khmelnitski).

25. See D. Lieven, Nicholas II, p. 163.

26. ‘Dnevnik M. A. Svanidze’ in Iosif Stalin v ob”yatiyakh sem’i, pp. 174–5.

27. Zastol’nye rechi Stalina, p. 55.

28. Ibid., p. 123.

29. G. Dimitrov, Diario. Gli anni di Mosca (1934–1945), p. 81.

30. ‘Pravil’naya politika pravitel’stva reshaet uspekh armii. Kto dostoin byt’ marshalom?’, Istochnik, no. 3: record of Stalin’s speech.

31. ‘Dnevnik M. A. Svanidze’ in Iosif Stalin v ob”yatiyakh sem’i, pp. 176.

32. For a different interpretation see D. Brandenberger, Stalinist Mass Culture and the Formation of Modern Russian National Identity, 1931–1956.

33. Istochnik, no. 1 (2002), p. 105.

34. See the analysis of D. V. Kolesov, I. V. Stalin: Pravo na zhizn’, pp. 37–8. I am grateful to Ronald Hingley for our discussions of Stalin’s oratorical idiosyncrasies.

30. Mind of Terror

1. Stalin i Kaganovich. Perepiska, p. 425; see also Lubyanka. Stalin i VChK– GPU–OGPU–NKVD, p. 565.

2. See Stalin i Kaganovich; Pis’ma I. V. Stalina V. M. Molotovu.

3. This was also Molotov’s attitude, at least by the time of the Second World War: see V. Berezhkov, Kak ya stal perevodchikom Stalina, p. 226. I eschew further use of this source in following chapters and am grateful to Hugh Lunghi, one of Churchill’s interpreters, for pointing out the many unreliable aspects of Berezhkov’s memoirs, including its title.

4. L. Trotsky, Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence.

5. See for example S. Alliluev, Proidennyi put’ ; A. S. Allilueva, Vospominaniya; S. Allilueva, Dvadtsat’ pisem k drugu and Tol’ko odin god.

6. Above all, see the speech he gave at a reception for G. Dimitrov in on 8 November 1937: below, p. 333.

7. N. K. Baibakov, 0t Stalina go Yel’tsina, p. 48.

8. Of course the idea that Stalin really was so undemonstrative in the 1920s is implausible.

9. See above, pp. 4–8.

10. R. Medvedev, Let History Judge, p. 15.

11. Ibid., p. 13.

12. ITsKKPSS, no. 11 (1989), p. 169.

13. Zastol’nye rechi Stalina, p. 157: this comment was an interjection in another interjection, by Voroshilov, in a speech at the twentieth-anniversary dinner in honour of the October Revolution.

14. Sovetskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1928–1941, p. 334.

15. L. Trotskii, Terrorizm i kommunizm.

16. M. Jansen, A Show Trial Under Lenin.

17. In Russian the words were: Molodets, kak on zdorovo eto sdelal! The witness was Anastas Mikoyan: see his Tak bylo, p. 534. V. Berezhkov, one of Stalin’s interpreters, recalled Mikoyan’s words only slightly differently: Kak ya stal perevodchikom Stalina, p. 14.

18. Zastol’nye rechi Stalina, p. 148.

19. See T. Dragadze, Rural Families in Soviet Georgia, pp. 43–4.

20. See RGASPI, f. 558, op. 3, d. 37: this was the book Drevnyaya Evropa i Vostok (Moscow–Petrograd, 1923)

21. Stalin i Kaganovich. Perepiska, p. 273.

22. Iosif Stalin v ob”yatiyakh sem’i, p. 17.

23. See below, pp. 578–9.

24. RGASPI, f. 558, op. 3, d. 167: see for example pp. 43 and 47.

25. Ibid., p. 57.

26. Ibid., p. 248.

27. See below, pp. 580–1.

28. N. Ryzhkov, Perestroika: istoriya predatel’stv, pp. 354–5. See also E. A. Rees, Political Thought from Machiavelli to Stalin: Revolutionary Machiavellism.

29. Zastol’nye rechi Stalina, p. 180.

31. The Great Terrorist

1. The term, invented by the historian Robert Conquest for his book of the same name in 1968, is now the common one in use in Russia as well as the rest of the world.

2. ‘Stenogrammy ochnykh stavok v TsK VKP(b). Dekabr’ 1936 goda’, Voprosy istorii, no. 3 (2002), p. 4.

3. Ibid., p. 5.

4. See in particular J. A. Getty, The Origins of the Great Purges.

5. See R. Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment, pp. 3–22 and 53–70.

6. Molotov. Poluderzhavnyi vlastelin, p. 464; Tak govoril Kaganovich, p. 35.

7. O. Khlevniuk, ‘The Objectives of the Great Terror, 1937–1938’ in J. Cooper et al., Soviet History, 1917–1953; O. Khlevniuk, ‘The Reasons for the “Great Terror”: The Foreign-Political Aspect’ in S. Pons and A. Romano, Russia in the Age of Wars, 1914– 1945.

8. Stalin i Kaganovich. Perepiska, pp. 682–3. Although Stalin referred here to the OGPU, its department name after being subsumed in the NKVD in 1934 was the GUGB.

9. See R. Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment, pp. 135–73

10. I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 14, pp. 189–91.

11. ‘Materialy fevral’skogo-martovskogo plenuma TsK VKP(b) 1937 goda’, Voprosy