Stalin: A Biography

istorii, no. 10 (1994), pp. 13–27; no. 2 (1995), pp. 22–6; and no. 3 (1995), pp. 3–15.

12. Quoted in O. Khlevnyuk, 1937-i, p. 77.

13. See M. Jansen and N. Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner, pp. 76–7.

14. B. Starkov, Dela i lyudi stalinskogo vremeni, p. 47.

15. Ibid., pp. 48–9.

16. Trud, 4 June 1992.

17. Ibid.

18. N. Okhotin and A. Roginskii, ‘Iz istorii “nemetskoi operatsii” NKVD 1937–1938 gg.’, p. 46.

19. Izvestiya, 10 June 1992.

20. Tak govoril Kaganovich, p. 46.

21. Khrushchev Remembers: The Glasnost Tapes, p. 38.

22. Sovetskoe rukovodstvo. Perepiska, 1928–1941, pp. 364–97

23. RGASPI, f. 73, op. 2, d. 19, p. 101.

24. See R. Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment, p. 245.

25. See S. S. Montefiore, Stalin: The Court of the Red Tsar, pp. 185–6.

32. The Cult of Impersonality

1. I. Tovstukha, ‘Stalin (Dzhughashvili), Iosif Vissarionovich’, pp. 698–700.

2. Pravda, 21 December 1929.

3. See below, pp. 541–2.

4. ‘Stalin o “Kratkom kurse po istorii VKP(b)”. Stenogramma vystupleniya no soveshchanii propagandistov Moskvy i Leningrada…’, Istoricheskii arkhiv, no. 5 (1994), p. 10.

5. Stalin. K shestidesyatiyu so dnya rozhdeniya, pp. 193–4

6. Pravda, 1 January 1931. See also the account in J. Brooks, Thank You, Comrade Stalin!, pp. 80–1.

7. Pravda, 1 January 1937.

8. Ibid., 29 June 1936.

9. Zastol’nye rechi Stalina, p. 175. This came in a speech given at a Kremlin reception for recently elected USSR Supreme Soviet deputies on 20 January 1938.

10. A. Fadeev (ed.), Vstrechi s tovarishchem Stalinym, pp. 40, 98, 112, 133, 160, 178 and 195.

11. Zastol’nye rechi Stalina, p. 123.

12. Stalin i Kaganovich. Perepiska, p. 526.

13. I. A. Valedinskii, ‘Vospominaniya o vstrechakh o t. I. V. Staline’, p. 72.

14. Stalin i Khasim (1901–1902 gg.). Nekotorye epizody iz batumskogo podpol’ya.

15. V. Shveitser, Stalin v turukhanskoi ssylke. Vospominaniya podpol’shchika.

16. H. Barbusse, Staline: Un monde nouveau vu a travers d’un homme.

17. See F. Bettanin, La fabbrica del mito, p. 157.

18. For an exception to the trend see ibid., p. 174.

19. The possibility should not be discounted that the admiration of Lenin was genuine.

20. See also below, pp. 541–2.

21. Istoriya Vsesoyuznoi Kommunisticheskoi Partii (Bol’shevikov). Kratkii kurs.

22. Ibid., pp. 198–204.

23. See above, pp. 292–3.

24. Pravda, 7 October 1935.

25. V. Kaminskii and I. Vereshchagin, ‘Detstvo i yunost’ vozhdya: dokumenty, zapisi, rasskazy’, pp. 22– 100.

26. Ibid.

27. Pis’ma ko vlasti, pp. 124 ff.

28. O. Volobuev and S. Kuleshov, Ochishchenie, p. 146.

29. Cited by N. N. Maslov, ‘Ob utverzhdenii ideologii stalinizma’, p. 78.

30. V. Ivanov, ‘Krasnaya ploshchad’, Novyi mir, no. 11 (1937), pp. 259–60.

31. K. Chukovskii, Dnevniki, 1930–1969, p. 86. I owe this reference to B. S. Ilizarov, ‘Stalin. Bolezn’, smert’ i “bessmertie”’, pp. 294–5.

32. S. Fitzpatrick, Stalin’s Peasants, pp. 289–96.

33. Obshchestvo i vlast’. 1930-e gody, p. 25.

34. S. Davies discusses the ambiguities of the evidence in Popular Opinion in Stalin’s Russia, pp. 155–82.

33. Brutal Reprieve

1. Iz vospominanii Sukhanova D. N., byvshego pomoshchnika Malenkova G. M.’, Volkogonov Archive, reel no. 8, p. 5.

2. Pisatel’ i vozhd’: perepiska M. A. Sholokhova s I. V. Stalinym, p. 150. For Yezhov’s fall see M. Jansen and N. Petrov, Stalin’s Loyal Executioner, chap. 7.

3. Ibid., pp. 160–1.

4. Ibid., pp. 171–4.

5. Ibid., p. 164.

6. Directive quoted by Oleg Khlevniuk, ‘Party and NKVD: Power Relationships in the Years of the Great Terror’ in B. McLoughlin and K. McDermott (eds), Stalin’s Terror, p. 31.

7. See above, p. 7.

8. G. Dimitrov, Diario. Gli anni di Mosca (1934–1945), p. 267.

9. Vosemnadtsatyi s”ezd Vsesoyuznoi Kommunisticheskoi Partii (b), p. 29.

10. Ibid., pp. 29–30.

11. See his comments at the conference on propaganda on 1 October 1938: ‘I. V. Stalin o “Kratkom kurse po istorii VKP(b)”. Stenogramma vystupleniya no soveshchanii propagandistov Moskvy i Leningrada’, Istoricheskii arkhiv, no. 5 (1994), pp. 12–13.

12. Vosemnadtsatyi s”ezd Vsesoyuznoi Kommunisticheskoi Partii (b), pp. 515– 17.

13. Zastol’nye rechi Stalina, p. 235.

14. See N. Petrov, ‘The GUlag as Instrument of the USSR’s Punitive System’ in E. Dundovich, F. Gori and E. Guercetti (eds), Reflections on the Gulag, p. 22.

15. Vosemnadtsatyi s”ezd Vsesoyuznoi Kommunisticheskoi Partii (b), p. 26.

34. The World in Sight

1. The exception was their brief collaboration in the Bolshevik robbery organisation before the First World War.

2. See D. Watson, ‘The Politburo and Foreign Policy in the 1930s’, pp. 149–50.

3. The foreign-policy discussions of the 1930s were amenable to thorough scholarly investigation only from