24 S. Fitzpatrick, The Russian Revolution.
25 S. Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization.
26 M. Lewin, Lenin’s Last Struggle; S. F. Cohen, Bukharin and the Russian Revolution; R. W. Davies, The Socialist Offensive.
27 J. Hough, The Soviet Prefects; J. Hough, The Soviet Union and Social Science Theory; H. G. Skilling and F. Griffiths, Interest Groups in Soviet Politics. See also J. Hough’s 1979 revisions of the original edition of Merle Fainsod, How Russia is Ruled.
28 M. Lewin, The Gorbachev Phenomenon.
29 T. H. Rigby, The Changing Soviet System and Political Elites in the USSR: Central Leaders and Local Cadres from Lenin to Gorbachev.
30 A. Brown, ‘Political Power and the Soviet State’, in N. Harding (ed.), The State in Socialist Society.
31 M. Malia, Russia Under Western Eyes; R. Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime.
32 R. Conquest, Power and Policy in the USSR; M. Fainsod, Smolensk Under Soviet Rule.
33 A. Brown, The Gorbachev Factor.
34 G. A. Hosking, A History of the Soviet Union.
1 And Russia? (1900–1914)
1 T. von Laue, Serge Witte and the Industrialisation of Russia.
2 O. Crisp, Studies in the Russian Economy before 1914, p. 154.
3 Ibid., pp. 34–5.
4 S. M. Dubrovskii, Sel’skoe khozyaistvo i krest’yanstvo Rossii v period imperializma, p. 225.
5 T. Shanin, The Awkward Class, ch. 2.
6 This figure does not include Russian-ruled Poland: A. Gershenkron, ‘Agrarian Policies and Industrialisation’, p. 730.
7 A. G. Rashin, Naselenie Rossii za 100 let, pp. 297–9.
8 M. Perrie and R. W. Davies, ‘The Social Context’, p. 40.
9 A. G. Rashin, Formirovanie rabochego klassa Rossii, p. 171.
10 R. Kaiser, The Geography of Nationalism in Russia and the Soviet Union, p. 53.
11 J. M. Hartley, Alexander I, p. 118.
12 H. Rogger, National Consciousness in Eighteenth-Century Russia, ch. 1.
13 B. Eklof, Russian Peasant Schools, pp. 243–4.
14 O. Figes, A People’s Tragedy, p. 196.
15 Kaiser, The Geography of Nationalism, table 2:10.
16 Ibid., table 2:8.
17 H. Seton-Watson, The Russian Empire, 1801–1917.
18 A. Ascher, The Russian Revolution of 1905, p. 163.
19 S. M. Dubrovskii, Stolypinskaya agrarnaya reforma, pp. 572, 583, 586.
20 G. A. Hosking, The Russian Constitutional Experiment, ch. 2.
21 C. Ferenczi, ‘Freedom of the Press, 1905–1914’, pp. 198, 211.
22 R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life, vol. 1, p. 135.
23 Figes, A People’s Tragedy, pp. 1–17.
24 V. S. Dyakin et al., Krizis samoderzhaviya v Rossii, 1895– 1917, p. 448.
25 R. McKean, St Petersburg Between the Revolutions, ch. 10.
26 P. Waldron, ‘States of Emergency’, p. 4.
2 The Fall of the Romanovs (1914–1917)
1 D. Lieven, Russia and the Origins of the First World War, pp. 67–9.
2 D. Lieven, Nicholas II: Emperor of all the Russias, pp. 200–205.
3 N. Stone, The Eastern Front, p. 66.
4 P. V. Volobuev, Ekonomicheskaya politika Vremennogo Pravitel’stva, ch. 1.
5 R. Pearson, The Russian Moderates and the Crisis of Tsarism, p. 117.
6 S. G. Wheatcroft, ‘The Balance of Grain Production and Utilisation in Russia before and during the Revolution’, pp. 3–5.
7 R. W. Davies, ‘Industry’, p. 135.
8 I. I. Mints, Istoriya Velikogo Oktyabrya, vol. 1, p. 325.
9 Volobuev, Ekonomicheskaya politika, p. 365.
10 A. L. Sidorov, Istoricheskie predposylki Velikoi oktyabr’skoi sotsialisticheskoi revolyutsii, pp. 31–2.
11 R. McKean, St Petersburg Between the Revolutions, pp. 380–85.
12 Stone, The Eastern Front, pp. 240, 247.
13 Pearson, The Russian Moderates, pp. 125–6.
14 P. Gatrell, ‘The First World War and War Communism’, p. 218.
15 Ibid.
16 A. M. Anfimov, introduction to Krest’anskoe dvizhenie, pp. 14–18.
17 S. A. Smith, Red Petrograd. Revolution in the Factories, p. 46.
18 W. G. Rosenberg, Liberals in the Russian Revolution, p. 57.
19 Their dominance was such that the first cabinet was not referred to as the First Coalition.
20 A. H. Wildman, The End of the Russian Imperial Army, vol. 1, pp. 186–8.
21 L. Lande, ‘Some Statistics of the Unification Congress’, p. 389; O. H. Radkey, The Agrarian Foes of Communism, p. 236.
22 Z. Galili, The Menshevik Leaders in the Russian Revolution, pp. 269–73.
23 See M. Perrie, ‘The Peasants’, pp. 22–3.
24 Rosenberg, Liberals, p. 174.
25 Smith, Red Petrograd, p. 55.
26 Ibid., pp. 145–9.
27 V. I. Kostrikin, ‘Krest’yanskoe dvizhenie nakanune Oktyabrya’, p. 24.
28 Smith, Red Petrograd, pp. 169–70.
29 J. Channon, ‘The Landowners’, p. 124.
30 H. White, ‘The Provisional Government and the Problem of Power in the Provinces’.
31 J. Reshetar, The Ukrainian Revolution; A. F. Upton, The Finnish Revolution; R. G. Suny, The Baku Commune. Class and Nationality in the Russian Revolution.
32 S. F. Jones, ‘The Non-Russian Nationalities’, pp. 55–6.
