The Penguin History of Modern Russia

PART ONE

3 Conflicts and Crises (1917)

1 It ought to be added that they did not intend to scrap such nationally-based units as already existed. Finland was the prime example.

2 I. Getzler, ‘Soviets as Agents of Democratisation’, pp. 7–30.

3 R. Service, Lenin, vol. 2, pp. 154–5.

4 PSS, vol. 31, pp. 113–16.

5 Service, Lenin, vol. 2, pp. 156–60.

6 R. Service, The Bolshevik Party in Revolution, p. 54.

7 Ibid., p. 43.

8 Ibid., pp. 46, 53.

9 PSS, vol. 31, p. 267.

10 W. G. Rosenberg, Liberals in the Russian Revolution, p. 174.

11 A. Rabinowitch, Prelude to Revolution, ch. 5.

12 R. A. Wade, The Russian Search for Peace, p. 111.

13 P. V. Volobuev, Ekonomicheskaya politika, p. 379.

14 Ibid., p. 385.

15 T. Kitanina, Voina, khleb i revolyutsiya, p. 344.

16 D. Lieven, Nicholas II, p. 238.

17 J. S. Curtiss, The Russian Church and the Soviet State, p. 38.

18 A. Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks Come to Power in Petrograd, p. 126.

19 H. White, ‘The Urban Middle Classes’, pp. 78–9.

20 P. V. Volobuev, Proletariat i burzhuaziya, p. 219.

21 PSS, vol. 34, p. 389.

22 A. V. Shestakov, Ocherki po sel’skomu khozyaistvu, p. 142.

23 M. Perrie, ‘The Peasants’, p. 17.

24 S. A. Smith, ‘Workers’ Control: February–October 1917’, pp. 22–3.

25 A. H. Wildman, The End of the Russian Imperial Army, vol. 1, ch. 9.

26 Z. Galili, The Menshevik Leaders in the Russian Revolution, pp. 387–91.

27 Ibid., pp. 387–9.

28 ‘Iz rechi tov. Bukharina na vechere vospominanii 1921 g.’, Proletarskaya revolyutsiya, no.10 (1921), p. 319.

29 Service, Lenin, vol. 2, pp. 251–7.

30 Ibid., pp. 273–4.

31 I. Getzler, Martov: A Political Biography of a Russian Social-Democrat, pp. 155–6.

32 R. G. Suny, The Baku Commune, ch. 3.

4 The October Revolution (1917–1918)

1 PSS, vol. 33, pp. 1–120.

2 R. Service, Lenin, vol. 2, pp. 220–24.

3 Pravda, 29 October 1917.

4 I. Getzler, Martov, p. 162; A. Rabinowitch, The Bolsheviks, p. 292.

5 T. H. Rigby, Lenin’s Government, p. 27.

6 L. Trotsky, My Life. An Attempt at Autobiography, p. 355.

7 Resheniya partii i pravitel’stva po khozyaistvennym voprosam, vol. 1, pp. 11– 12.

8 Ibid., pp. 12–14.

9 Ibid., pp. 15–16.

10 Service, Lenin, vol. 2, pp. 270–71.

11 PSS, vol. 35, pp. 51–2.

12 G. Leggett, The Cheka. Lenin’s Secret Police, p. 17.

13 Service, Lenin, vol. 2, pp. 285–6.

14 Dekrety Sovetskoi vlasti, vol. 1, p. 40.

15 N. Valentinov, Vstrechi s Leninym, pp. 40–41.

16 Service, Lenin, vol. 2, p. 185.

17 Ibid., vol. 1, p. 186.

18 PSS, vol. 49, p. 340.

19 This figure is based upon the Central Committee full members; it also takes into account the redating of Stalin’s birth.

20 Service, Lenin, vol. 2, pp. 10–11.

21 SVI, p. 41: report by I. T. Smilga.

22 Service, Lenin, vol. 2, pp. 184–5.

23 Ibid., vol. 3, p. 135.

24 O. Figes, Peasant Russia, Civil War, pp. 63–4.

25 J. H. L. Keep, The Russian Revolution. A Study in Mass Mobilisation, chs 26, 27.

26 W. Mosse, ‘Revolution in Saratov’, p. 57.

27 L. D. Trotskii, O Lenine. Materialy dlya biografii, pp. 91–2.

28 PSS, vol. 31, pp. 64–5, 197, 250.

29 O. H. Radkey, Russia Goes to the Polls, pp. 18–19.

30 Service, Lenin, vol. 2, pp. 295–6.

31 Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta RSDRP(b), p. 168; PSS, vol. 35, pp. 243– 52.

32 Trotskii, O Lenine, p. 81; Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta, pp. 168–9.

33 C. Duval, ‘Yakov Sverdlov’, pp. 226–7.

34 Protokoly Tsentral’nogo Komiteta, p. 213.

35 B. Pearce, How Haig Saved Lenin, pp. 7–8.

36 S. G. Wheatcroft, ‘The Balance of Grain Production and Utilisation’, pp. 7, 15–17.

37 A. Nove, An Economic History of the USSR, ch. 3.

38 S. Malle, The Economic Organisation of ‘War Communism’, pp. 33, 55.

39 The word used for ‘Russian’ was Rossiiskaya, which (unlike Russkaya) did not imply a national orientation to ethnic Russians.

5 New World, Old World

1 O. H. Radkey, Russia Goes to the Polls, pp. 16, 18–19.