The Penguin History of Modern Russia

29 K. Simonov, Glazami, p. 37.

30 M. Ellman, ‘On Sources: A Note’, p. 914.

31 R. Conquest, Harvest of Sorrow, pp. 323–8.

32 R. Kaiser, The Geography of Nationalism, p. 116.

33 D. Pospielovsky, The Russian Church under the Soviet Regime, vol. 1, p. 175.

34 Ibid., pp. 173–4.

35 I. Antinova and I. Merkert, Moskva-Berlin, 1900–1950, p. 514.

36 S. Bruk and V. Kabuzan, ‘Dinamika chislennosti’, pp. 3–21.

37 The contributions of S. Crisp (p. 38), S. Akiner (p. 107) and G. Hewitt (p. 143) in M. Kirkwood, Language Planning in the Soviet Union.

38 M. Friedberg, Russian Classics in Soviet Jackets, pp. 32–56.

11 Terror upon Terror (1934–1938)

1 E. Bacon, The Gulag at War, p. 10.

2 This argument is put by Bacon in The Gulag at War.

3 This argument is put by O. V. Khlevnyuk, ‘The Objectives of the Great Terror’, p. 173: the author draws especially on V. M. Molotov’s statement in F. Chuev, Sto sorok besed s Molotovym, pp. 390–91, 416.

4 F. Benvenuti, ‘A Stalinist Victim of Stalinism’, pp. 141–2.

5 See Kaganovich’s speech on 17 January 1934: IV Moskovskaya oblastnaya, pp. 49–50.

6 SXVII, p. 537.

7 T. H. Rigby, Communist Party Membership, p. 204.

8 SXVII, pp. 34, 36.

9 SXVII, pp. 353, 566.

10 SXVII, p. 46 (Eikhe); p. 600 (Shiryatov).

11 SXVII, pp. 380–413, 439–41. At the time Mikoyan was only a candidate member of the Politburo.

12 SXVII, pp. 64, 91, 147.

13 SXVII, p. 354.

14 SXVII, pp. 435, 649.

15 SXVII, p. 259.

16 O. V. Khlevnyuk, 1937-y, p. 36.

17 R. Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment, p. 33.

18 SXVII, p. 245.

19 O. V. Khlevnyuk, Politbyuro. Mekhanizmy politicheskoi vlasti, pp. 112–13.

20 F. Benvenuti, ‘Kirov nella politica sovietica’.

21 O. V. Khlevnyuk, 1937-y, p. 42.

22 Ibid., p. 49; D. Shearer, ‘Social Disorder, Mass Repression, and the NKVD during the 1930s’.

23 G. T. Rittersporn, Simplifications staliniennes, p. 27.

24 F. Benvenuti and S. Pons, Il Sistema di Potere dello Stalinismo, p. 105.

25 ITsKKPSS, no. 9 (1989), p. 39.

26 E. A. Rees, ‘Stalin, the Politburo and Rail Transport Policy’, p. 124.

27 F. Benvenuti, Fuoco sui Sabotatori!, ch. 2; and D. Filtzer, Soviet Workers and Stalinist Industrialisation, ch. 4; E. A. Rees, Stalinism and Soviet Rail Transport, pp. 123–7.

28 E. Zaleski, Stalinist Planning for Economic Growth, pp. 243–8.

29 P. Broue, Trotsky, pp. 709–12.

30 ITsKKPSS, no. 8 (1989), p. 100.

31 S. G. Wheatcroft and R. W. Davies, ‘Agriculture’, table 19.

32 Khlevnyuk, 1937-y, pp. 132–6.

33 Rees, ‘Stalin, the Politburo and Rail Transport Policy’, p. 106.

34 Khlevnyuk, 1937-y, p. 77.

35 Ibid., p. 114.

36 Ibid.

37 Rittersporn, Simplifications staliniennes, p. 144.

38 Document quoted by O. V. Khlevnyuk, ‘The Objectives of the Great Terror’, p. 166.

39 J. Erickson, The Soviet High Command, pp. 296–8, 402–3; S. Pons, Stalin e la Guerra Inevitabile, pp. 152–3.

40 Rodina, no. 3 (1994), pp. 74–5.

41 Moskovskie novosti, no. 15, 10 April 1989.

42 Quoted in B. A. Starkov, Dela i lyudi, pp. 127–8.

43 Trud, 4 June 1992.

44 Izvestiya, 10 June 1992.

45 See note 43.

46 Pravda, 19 January 1938.

47 Moskovskie novosti, 21 June 1992, p. 19.

48 See note 46.

49 Otechestvennye arkhivy, no. 2 (1992), pp. 28–9.

50 S. G. Wheatcroft and R. W. Davies, ‘Population’, p. 77.

51 Such was the case with the deposition made by Red Army Commander-in-Chief Mikhail Tukhachevski before he was dragged off to the firing-squad.

52 K. Simonov, Glazami, p. 299.

53 Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment, p. 334.

54 R. W. Davies, ‘Forced Labour Under Stalin’, p. 67.

55 G. Gill, The Origins of the Stalinist Political System, p. 279.

56 Tak eto bylo. Natsional’ny repressii v SSSR, vol. 1, p. 44, 50, 86, 96.

57 Stalin’s marginal notes as cited by O. Volobuev and S. Kuleshov, Ochishchenie, p. 146.

58 Moskovskie novosti, no. 32, 7 August 1988.

59 R. C. Tucker, Stalin in Power. The Revolution from Above, pp. 482–3.

60 B. A. Viktorov, ‘Geroi iz 37-go’, Komsomol’skaya pravda, 21 August 1988.

61 Trud, 4 June 1992.

62 Ibid.

63 Simonov, Glazami, p. 315.

64 V. F. Nekrasov (ed.), Beria: konets kar’ery, p. 317.

65 Khlevnyuk, 1937-y, pp. 221–2.

66 R. W. Davies, ‘Industry’, table 31.

67 N. Khrushchev, Khrushchev Remembers, p. 273.

68 Simonov, Glazami, p. 58.

69 Rees, ‘Stalin, the Politburo and Rail Transport Policy’, pp. 107, 111.

70 SVIII, pp. 143–4, 229.

12 Coping with Big Brothers