The Penguin History of Modern Russia

‘Social Policy’ in Khrushchev and Khrushchevism, p. 141.

34 McAuley, Economic Welfare, pp. 33–4; M. B. Smith, ‘Individual Forms of Ownership in the Urban Housing Fund of the USSR, 1944–64’, pp. 304–5.

35 M. Djilas, Conversations with Stalin, p. 133.

36 A. Agosti, Togliatti, p. 275.

37 A. Polonsky (ed.), The Great Powers and the Polish Question, p. 246.

38 The Cominform. Minutes of the Three Conferences, 1947/1948/1949, pp. 50, 178, 428, 450.

39 Ibid., p. 390.

40 F. Fejto, Histoire des democraties populaires, pp. 279–80.

41 S. Goncharov, J. W. Lewis and X. Litai, Stalin, Mao and the Korean War, ch. 4 ff.

16 The Despot and his Masks

1 K. Simonov, Glazami, p. 357.

2 Kommunist, no. 7 (1989), p. 68.

3 R. Richardson, The Long Shadow. Inside Stalin’s Family, p. 44.

4 N. S. Khrushchev, The Glasnost Tapes, p. 66.

5 I. V. Stalin. Kratkaya biografiya, p. 5.

6 I. V. Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 15, p. 204.

7 R. Stites, Russian Popular Culture, p. 119.

8 Khrushchev, The Glasnost Tapes, p. 92.

9 A. Adzhubei, Te desyat’ let, p. 62.

10 D. Deletant, ‘Language Policy and Linguistic Trends in Soviet Moldavia’, pp. 196–7.

11 It must be added that the titular nationalities of some Soviet republics also behaved imperialistically towards their own national minorities. For example, Abkhaz and Ossetian were eliminated from the schools in Georgia.

12 In the 1930s, Shamil had stopped being treated as a positive anti-colonial rebel, but still not yet as a thoroughly reactionary figure.

13 D. Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, pp. 207–8.

14 Ibid., p. 211.

15 Marksizm i voprosy yazykoznaniya in Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 16, p. 159.

16 Moskovskie novosti, no. 32, 7 August 1988.

17 Kniga o vkusnoi i zdorovoi pishche, frontispiece.

18 V. Dunham, In Stalin’s Time. Middleclass Values in Soviet Fiction.

19 B. Kerblay, Modern Soviet Society, p. 207.

20 I. V. Stalin, Ekonomicheskie problemy sotsializma v SSSR, p. 100.

21 Stalin, Sochineniya, vol. 16, pp. 115–19.

22 L. Openkin, ‘I. V. Stalin: poslednii prognoz budushchego’, p. 113.

23 Stalin, Ekonomicheskie problemy, pp. 1–3.

24 Ibid., pp. 35–40.

25 The statue was completed and unveiled only in 1954.

26 Simonov, Glazami, p. 214.

27 Ibid., p. 210.

28 Ibid., p. 211.

29 E. Radzinsky, Stalin, pp. 549–58.

30 R. W. Davies, ‘Forced Labour Under Stalin: The Archive Revelations’, p. 67.

31 Soprotivlenie v Gulage, p. 209.

17 ‘De-Stalinization’ (1953–1961)

1 See R. Service, ‘The Road to the Twentieth Party Congress’, pp. 234–8.

2 K. Simonov, Glazami, p. 242.

3 ITsKKPSS, no. 1 (1990), pp. 188–9.

4 Soprotivlenie v Gulage, p. 209.

5 F. Burlatskii, Vozhdi i sovetniki, p. 28. The word used by Khrushchev was opora.

6 D. Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, p. 317.

7 A. Nove, An Economic History, p. 334.

8 N. Barsukov, ‘Kak sozdavalsya “zakrytyi doklad” Khrushcheva’, p. 11.

9 Vlad. Naumov, ‘Utverdit’ dokladchikom tovarishcha Khrushcheva’, p. 34.

10 See note 8.

11 ITsKKPSS, no. 3 (1989), p. 153; N. Khrushchev, The Glasnost Tapes, p. 44.

12 See W. J. Tompson, Khrushchev: A Political Life, pp. 57–61.

13 This translation is more accurate than the more usual one, ‘cult of personality’, since it was Stalin’s entire role as an individual and not simply his personality that was the object of the cult.

14 N. Bethell, Gomulka. His Poland and his Communism, p. 210.

15 W. Lomax, Hungary, 1956.

16 IA, no. 2 (1994), pp. 60–61 (Molotov’s self-criticism).

17 SXXII, vol. 2, p. 588.

18 R. Medvedev, Khrushchev: The Years in Power, p. 74.

19 IA, no. 3 (1993), p. 9.

20 T. H. Rigby, Communist Party Membership, p. 52.

21 S. Pons, ‘La politica organizzativa nell’apparato del PCUS’, pp. 200–204.

22 G. Breslauer, Khrushchev and Brezhnev as Leaders, p. 66.

23 Ibid., p. 86.

24 Ibid., p. 95.

25 Burlatskii, Vozhdi i sovetniki, p. 64.

26 A. Adzhubei, Te desyat’ let, p. 150.

27 Ustav Kommunisticheskoi Partii Sovetskogo Soyuza, section three, clause 25.

28 Nove, Economic History, p. 336.

29 Narodnoe khozyaistvo SSSR v 1960 godu, pp. 441, 465, 467.

30 N. Yegorychev, ‘Posle XX s’’ezda’, VIKPSS, no. 5 (1991), pp. 98–9.

31 R. Service, Lenin, vol. 3, p. 200.

32 A. di Biagio, ‘La teoria dell’inevitabilita della guerra’, p. 73.

33 M. Beschloss, Kennedy vs. Khrushchev, pp. 328–31.

18 Hopes Unsettled (1961–1964)