Good Calories, Bad Calories

A paper was presented: Anon. 1864f. See also Anon. 1864d; Anon. 1864a. “is tolerably complete…”: Anon. 1864g. Banting responded: Banting 1869.

Banting acknowledged: Banting 1869. Alfred William Moore: Anon. 1864g. John Harvey: Harvey 1864.

Brillat-Savarin: Brillat-Savarin 1986 (“fat…,” 237–39; “…rigid abstinence…,” 251).

Dancel: Dancel 1864 (“All food…,” 59; “The hippopotamus…,” 54).

“We advise Mr. Banting…”: Anon. 1864g.

“fair trial” and “…starchy elements…”: Anon. 1864e.

“To attribute obesity…”: Mayer 1968:6.

Sir William Osler: Osler 1901:439–40. Oertel prescribed a diet: Oertel 1895. See also French 1907:951. Bismarck lost sixty pounds: Schwartz 1986:103–4. Ebstein insisted: Ebstein 1884 (“of meat every kind…,” 33).

“Foods to be avoided…”: Greene 1951:348.

“The great progress…”: Bruch 1957:352.

“The overappropriation…”: French 1907:14. Rony reported: Rony 1940 (“…marked preference…,” 59; “an extremely obese laundress…,” 62).

“In Great Britain obesity…”: Davidson and Passmore 1963:382.

“On the day of the races…”: Tolstoy 2000:200. “the dearth of proteins…”: Lampedusa 1988:255.

What Dr. Spock taught: Spock 1946:361; Spock 1957:436; Spock 1968:449; Spock 1976:493; Spock 1985:536; Spock and Rothenberg 1992:380. 50 million copies: Pace 1998. “All popular ‘slimming regimes’…”: Davidson and Passmore 1963:389. “The first thing…”: Brody 1985:18.

Brody recommending potatoes, etc.: Brody 1985:18–20. “We need to eat…”: Brody 1981a:97. “…at the height of fashion…”: Brody 1985:78. “the previous nutritional advice…”: James 1983:20. Footnote. See Barr et al. 1953b; Eppright et al. 1955; Blix 1964; Wilson 1969; McLean, Baird, and Howard 1969; Apfelbaum 1973.

“bizarre concepts…”: Anon. 1973:1419.

Charlotte Young: C. M. Young 1976 (“The diets developed by Ohlson…,” 364; “No adequate explanation…,” 365).

“people who cut down…”: Squires 1985.

“sparingly”: USDA 1992.

“There is always an easy solution…”: Mencken 1982:443.

Less red meat, fewer eggs: Putnam et al. 2002. Fat intake has dropped: USDA Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion 1998. Fall in cholesterol levels: Gregg et al. 2005.

Ten-year study of heart-disease mortality: Rosamond et al. 1998. See also Rosamond et al. 2001; McGovern et al. 2001. AHA statistics: Thom et al. 2006.

Percentage of smokers has dropped: National Center for Health Statistics 2004.

Incidence of obesity increasing: National Center for Health Statistics 2005:9, 275 (table 73). Diabetes rates: Fox et al. 2006; Cowie et al. 2006.

“What we see instead…”: Interview, William Harlan.

Best-selling diet books: Mackarness 1958; Taller 1961; Stillman and Baker 1968; Atkins 1972; Tarnower and Baker 1978; Sears and Lawren 1995; Eades and Eades 1996; Steward et al. 1998; Agatston 2003.

Fixated on cholesterol: This idea came from David Kritchevsky, who, among other accomplishments, authored the first textbook on cholesterol, published in 1958.

Series of expert reports: USDA and USDHEW 1980; USDHHS 1988; NRC 1989; U.K. Department of Health 1994.

“Each science…”: Whitehead 1980:14–15.

“If science is to progress…”: Feynman 1967:148.

PART ONE: THE FAT-CHOLESTEROL HYPOTHESIS

Epigraph. “Men who have excessive faith…”: Bernard 1957:38.

CHAPTER ONE:

THE EISENHOWER PARADOX

Epigraph. “In medicine…”: Bernard 1957:55.

The details of Eisenhower’s heart attack: Lasby 1997:70–80.

White’s press conference and Ike’s recovery: Ibid.:83–93.

Eisenhower’s weight, cholesterol, and blood pressure: Ibid.:257–58; interview, George Mann.

Ten times a year: Lasby 1997:70. Eisenhower’s diet and Snyder’s responses: Ibid.:258–59.

“He eats nothing…”: Ibid.

“He was fussing…”: Ibid.:260.

Keys made the cover of Time: Anon. 1961 (“…know the facts,” 52). First official