Good Calories, Bad Calories

endorsement: AHA 1961.

Eisenhower’s half-dozen heart attacks: Lasby 1997:293–323.

“great epidemic”: White 1971:220.

“drastic development…”: Mayer 1975a:138. Decline in deaths due to eating less fat: See, for instance, Sykowski et al. 1990; Hunink et al. 1997; NCEP 2002:II–26.

Osler wrote in 1910: Cited in Cassidy 1946. “If it had been common…”: White 1971:52. “part and parcel…” and “…cripples and kills…”: White 1945:475.

Herrick, the ECG, and the early history of cardiology: Liebowitz 1970:146–76. “Medical diagnosis…” and “…after the publication…”: Levy 1932.

Census numbers: Cooper 1972; Preston et al. 1972. Fortune article: Anon. 1950. Cassidy’s point: Cassidy 1946.

Mitigating against the “epidemic”: Levy 1932. See also Tunstall Pedoe 1984.

AHA 1957 report: Page et al. 1957 (“great difference…,” 165).

Between 1949 and 1968: Harper 1996. See also Harper 1983. Proportion of heart-disease deaths dropping: Harper 1996; interviews, Harry Rosenberg, chief of mortality statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, and Thomas Thom, a statistician at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. WHO committee report: Lozano et al. 2001 (“…the apparent increase…,” 14). About the situation in the United States, see also Woolsey and Moriyama 1948.

NHI 1949 allocations: Haseltine 1949. NHI 1960 research budget is from NIH, n.d., NIH Almanac.

“a private organization…”: White 1971:114. 1945 charitable contributions: Anon. 1945. Rome Betts: Moore 1983:57.

AHA fund-raising campaign and its success: Anon. 1948a; Anon. 1948b; Davies 1950; Moore 1983:77. “great epidemic…”: White 1971:220.

Compelling arguments: Mann 1957; Page et al. 1957; Harper 1983. “unobserved publications”: Kritchevsky 1992. “They don’t fit…”: Interview, David Kritchevsky.

“The present high level…”: Keys 1953.

“The simple fact…”: Select Committee 1977a:1. CSPI pamphlet: Brewster and Jacobson 1978. “Within this century…”: Brody 1985:2.

Keys’s argument: Keys 1953.

History of food disappearance statistics: USDA 1953; Call and Sanchez 1967.

“Until World War II…”: Interview, David Call.

Historians of dietary habits: See, for instance, Schwartz 1986:46; Cummings 1940:10–24. One French account: Levenstein 1999. USDA 1830s estimate: Appen 1933, cited in Cummings 1940:15. “with plenty of beef-steaks…”: Trollope 1932.

“considered by the general public…”: Ward 1911.

FTC report: FTC 1919 (“…the amount of meat consumed…,” 84).

“nationwide propaganda…”: Stiebeling 1939.12 The Jungle: Sinclair 2003 (“overlooked for days…,” 91). Meat sales dropped by half: Young 1981. “The effect was long-lasting…”: Root and de Rochemont 1995:211.

Trends for vegetables, fruits, etc.: USDA 2000.

“The preponderance of meat…”: Clendening 1936:7.

Food consumption from the end of World War II: Friend et al. 1979.

“medical villain cholesterol”: Blakeslee and Stamler 1966:28.

“biological rust…”: Ibid. 1966:24.

Anitschkow reported: Anitschkow and Chalatow 1913. The problem with rabbits as animal models: See, for instance, Ahrens, Hirsch, et al. 1957; Altshule 1966. “…‘cholesterol disease…”: Leary 1935.

Stamler’s chicken experiments: Blakeslee and Stamler 1966:36. Naturally occurring atherosclerosis: Altshule 1966; Lindsay and Chaikoff 1963. In baboons: McGill et al. 1960.

Exercise lowers it: Goldberg et al. 1984; Heath et al. 1983; Huttunen et al. 1979. Weight gain raises it: Anderson, Lawler, and Keys, 1957. Weight loss lowers it: Milch et al. 1957; Jolliffe et al. 1962. Fluctuate seasonally: Bleiler et al. 1963; Antonis et al. 1965. Change with body position: Tan et al. 1973. Stress will raise cholesterol: Frideman et al. 1958. Male and female hormones: Laskarzewski et al. 1983. Diuretics: Ames and Hill 1976. Sedatives: Wallace et al. 1980. Alcohol: Fraser et al. 1983. 20 to 30 percent: Kritchevsky 1958:181.

“Some works…”: Gofman and Lindgren 1950.

One out of every three women: Stone et al. 1974. Rarely die of heart attacks: Discussed in Ahrens, Hirsch, et al. 1957.

Sperry and Lande’s research: Lande and Sperry 1936.

Heart surgeons and cardiologists: See, for instance, James 1980; interview, Alan Sniderman. Debakey reported: Garrett et al. 1964.

“…why people get sick…”: Anon. 1961. The K ration: Sullivan 2004. Biology of Human Starvation: Keys, Brozek, et al. 1950.

“frank to the point of bluntness…”: Blackburn n.d. “pretty ruthless” and “Mr. Congeniality”: Interview, David Kritchevsky. 16 Keys launched his crusade: Keys, Mickelsen, et al. 1950; Keys et al. 1956. Rittenberg and