Good Calories, Bad Calories

“spontaneous impulses…”: Rony 1940:48.

“clue to the puzzle” and “react exactly like…”: Anon. 1955a:124. Child’s growth stunted: See, for instance, Ashworth et al. 1968.

Luxuskonsumption: See Du Bois 1936:262–69 and Grafe 1933:139–46 for pre–World War II reviews. Term first used by Neumann: Neumann 1902. A modern review of Neumann’s work can be found in Bennett and Gurin 1982:79–82.

“Food in excess…” and “well within the capacity…”: Lyon and Dunlop 1932.

“The idea that people…”: Garrow 1981:53. Pigs fed low-protein diet: Miller and Payne 1962. Survival advantage: See Sims 1976. Footnote. Baxter 1976.

“thermochemical tangle…”: Rubner 1982:329. For a modern discussion of diet-induced thermogenesis, see Schutz and Jequier 1998. Rationale for high-protein diets: See, for instance, Jolliffe 1952:48.

As the external environment changes: Rubner 1982:36,329.

Rubner argued: See Krebs 1960. Voit believed: see Du Bois 1936:236 (“impulse to…”).302 Thrifty and spendthrift metabolisms: Pennington 1953b is perhaps the best post–World War II discussion of this concept.

“total self-regulatory functions…”: Richter 1976:222.

“When well nourished…” and “a gradual lowering…”: Du Bois 1936:254–55.

“The appetite mechanism…” and “pathological changes…”: Rony 1940:203.

“Whatever may be the mechanisms…”: Lepkovsky 1948:113.

CHAPTER EIGHTEEN:

FATTENING DIETS

Epigraph. “Oversupply of food…”: French 1907:14.

Speke’s travels: Speke 1969 (“such an extent…” “…no mistake…,” 172; “another one…,” 189–90).

John Garrow attempted: Garrow 1978:70. “whenever the prospect…” “I learned that…”: Interview, John Garrow.

Fattening with milk: Speke 1969:172, 189–90. Fattening sessions of the Massa: Garine and Koppert 1991. Ritual fattening ceremonies have been documented among primitive populations throughout Africa and the South Pacific, but it’s rare that the reports actually document what was eaten. The Massa and sumo were the only two examples I found in which the composition of whose diet is reported in any detail.

Nishizawa on the sumo: Nishizawa et al. 1976. Footnote: Ibid.

Low-fat diets recommended for weight loss: See, for instance, IOM 1995:109–11; NRC 1989: 671. Evidence linking dietary fat consumption to obesity: NRC 1989:567. Footnote. Ibid.

“I could feed them…”: Interview, George Bray.

Fattening rats on fat and carbohydrates: Sclafani 1980. Fattening monkeys: Interview, Barbara Hansen.

Sclafani demonstrated: Sclafani 1980; interview, Anthony Sclafani.

Fattening with Crisco: Interview, Anthony Sclafani.

Seminal experiments by Adolph: Adolph 1947.

Thermodynamic evidence: See von Noorden 1907b:62–64. Flatt’s calculations: Flatt 1978. Sims and Danforth explained: Sims and Danforth 1987.

Sims’s overfeeding studies: Horton et al. 1974 (“obvious question,” 233). See also Sims et al. 1968; Sims et al. 1973; Goldman et al. 1976; Sims 1976.

Sims and Danforth believed: See Sims and Danforth 1974. “Simply stated…” and “In view of these…”: Danforth 1985:1137. See also Sims and Danforth 1987.

“plates of pork chops…”: Interview, Edward Horton. “The bottom line…”: Interview, Elliot Danforth.

“difficult assignment…”: Sims and Danforth 1974. “hunger late in the day…”: Goldman et al. 1976:176.

“marked anorexia”: Goldman et al. 1976:166.

CHAPTER NINETEEN:

REDUCING DIETS

Epigraph. “Concentrated carbohydrates…”: Reader et al. 1952.

“fad diet”: AHA 2005: front jacket flap. “In the instruction…”: Newburgh 1942:1087.

Stanford diet: Cutting 1943. Harvard diet: Williams et al. 1948. Chicago diet: Steiner 1950 (“general rules”). Cornell diet: Reader et al. 1952.

Keeping the body in nitrogen equilibrium: See, for instance, Preble 1915.

“the inclusion of…”: Campbell 1936. “All forms of bread…”: Gardiner-Hill 1925.

Lean meat meant any meat: See, for instance, Steiner 1950.

Evans’s weight-maintenance diet: Evans 1947:582.

Evans’s very low-calorie diet: Strang et al. 1930 (“composed of…”). “The secret of the success…”: Wilder 1933. “No concession…”: Evans 1953.

“The next question to decide…”: Croftan 1906.

Dunlop believed: Dunlop and Murray-Lyon 1931.