Observation echoed: Anderson 1935; Bruch 1944:361–64; Rony 1940:59–62 (“It is easier…,” 62); Williams et al. 1948. Common rationale: See, for instance, Evans and Strang 1931; Lyon and Dunlop 1931.
Evans restricted carbohydrates almost entirely: Strang et al. 1930. Newburgh concluded: Newburgh 1942:1094–95.
“tendency to retain water…”: Lyon and Dunlop 1932:337. “Changes in body-weight…”: Benedict and Carpenter 1910:110–12.
First meaningful report: Hanssen 1936. Results from University Clinic: Moller 1931.
“…hungry most of the time…”: Evans 1953:132. “relatively poor…”: Hanssen 1936.
Nutritionists will insist: See, for instance, Mayer 1974b.
Carbohydrates not the only source of glucose: See, for instance, Harper 1971:249. Ketone-body levels in diabetes, etc.: Van Itallie and Nufert 2003.
Modified by Harvey and Niemeyer: Harvey 1872. By Oertel: Oertel 1895. By Ebstein: Ebstein 1884 (“the fat of ham…,” 33).
Stefannson and the Inuit: See, for instance, Stefansson 1936; Stefansson 1946; Stefansson 1960b.
“with perhaps 30 percent fish…”: Stefansson 1946:22. “not proper human food”: Stefansson 1960b:33.
Inuit paid little attention: Jenness 1959 (“…added nothing…,” 110; “no fruit…,” 191). See also Freuchen 1961:9–11, 142. “we lived upon…”: Dana 1946:251–52.
Deficiency diseases: McCollum 1957 (“water gruel sweetened…,” 252–54; Beriberi in the Japanese navy, 188– 89; Voegtlin’s experiment, 303). See also Carpenter 1986; Carpenter 2000. Guinea pigs given scurvy: Bannerjee 1945.
“protective foods”: See, for instance, McCarrison 1922.
Animal foods contain all: Harris 1985:35–36. See also Abrams 1987:231; Davidson and Passmore 1963:192– 252.
“a dietery deficiency…”: Tso 1997:32.
Stefansson argued: Stefansson 1936.
Research by Louis Newburgh: Newburgh 1923; Newburgh et al. 1930. Anon 1930a; Moulton 1930; Newburgh 1931b. “easier to believe…”: Stefansson 1946:68.
In the winter: Anon. 1928.
For three weeks: Stefansson 1946:60–89; Stefansson 1936. “In every individual specimen…”: McClellan and Du Bois 1930.
Inuit and raw meat: See Mowat 1978:96. Calories and nutrients consumed: Lieb 1929.
“The only dramatic part…”: Du Bois 1946:xii. “Both men were in…”: McClellan and Du Bois 1930. The other eight articles are Lieb 1929; Lieb and Tolstoi 1929; McClellan, Rupp, et al. 1930; McClellan et al. 1931; Tolstoi 1929a; Tolstoi 1929b; Torrey 1930; Torrey and Montu 1931.
“Mr. Stefansson makes…”: Garside 1946. Du Bois’s introduction: Du Bois 1946 (“a great many dire…,” xii; “Quite evidently…,” x).
B vitamins depleted from the body: See Carpenter 2000:213–18. “…an increased need…”: Select Committee 1973b:43–44. Vitamin C in Type 2 diabetes: Will and
Byers 1996 (“biologically plausible…”). Metabolic syndrome and vitamin C: Ford et al. 2003. See also Bode 1997. My discussion of vitamin deficiencies is also based on interviews with Betti Jane Burri, Tim Byers, Kenneth Carpenter, John Cunningham, and Theodore Van Itallie.
Vitamin C similar to glucose: Will and Byers 1996; Basu and Schlorah 1982:121. Glucose and vitamin C compete: Cunningham 1988 (“globally inhibited”); Cunningham 1998. “marked fall”: Cox et al. 1974.
CHAPTER TWENTY:
UNCONVENTIONAL DIETS
Liebling’s three kinds of writers: Liebling 1975:317.
Bruch’s fine-boned girl: Bruch 1957:372–73. Kuhn on process of discovery: Kuhn 1970:52–53.
Donaldson’s history: From his obituary in the
Over four decades: Mackarness 1975:63–65. Patients who didn’t lose weight: Donaldson 1962 (“bread addiction,” 67; “Remember that grapefruit…,” 66; “You are out of your mind…,” 103).
Pennington heard of Donaldson: Pennington 1952.
Gehrmann and Du Pont’s industrial-medicine division: Kehoe 1960. Gehrmann was prompted: Woody 1950.
“We had urged…”: Quoted in Woody 1950.
“Notable was a lack…”: Pennington 1949. “In a few cases…”: Pennington 1953c.
