6. Raymond of Aguilers, Historia Francorum qui ceperunt Iherusalem, RHC Occ., iii, 300, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill (Philadelphia 1968), p. 128; for biblical citations P. Alphandery, ‘Les Citations biblique chez les historiens de la premiere croisade’, Revue de l’histoire des religions, 99 (1929), 139–57, esp. p. 154, note 4; cf. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 153–5.
7. Die Traditionsbucher des Benediktinerstiftes Guttweig, ed. A. Fuchs (Vienna and Leipzig 1931), Fontes rerum Austriacum, lxix, no. 55.
8. For a summary, F. H. Russell, The Just War in the Middle Ages (Cambridge 1977), pp. 1–39.
9. St Augustine, City of God, bk XIX, c. 7; cf. bk I, c. 21, trans. H. Bettenson (London 1984), pp. 32, 862.
10. C. Erdmann, The Origin of the Idea of the Crusade, trans. M. W. Baldwin and W. Goffart (Princeton 1977), p. 19.
11. Bede, Ecclesiastical History of the English People, ed. B. Colgrave and R. A. B. Mynors (Oxford 1969), pp. 214–15, 231, 240–43, 251.
12. A. Bruckner and R. Marichal, Chartae Latinae antiquores, xii (Zurich 1987), 74, no. 543; P. D. King, Charlemagne: Translated Sources (Kendal 1987), pp. 223, 309–10; Einhard, Vita Caroli magni imperatoris, ed. L. Halphen (Paris 1981), pp. 22–8, trans. L. Thorpe as Life of Charlemagne (London 1969), pp. 61–4; M. McCormick, ‘The Liturgy of War in the Early Middle Ages’, Viator, 15 (1984), 1–23.
13. King, Charlemagne, pp. 78, 112; cf. Walafrid Strabo c.840/2 for St Martin’s cappa, De Exordiis et Incrementis, MGH, Capitularia, ii (Hanover 1890), 515; and Notker the Stammerer, Two Lives of Charlemagne, trans. L. Thorpe (London 1969), p. 96.
14. P. Godman, Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance (Oxford 1985), pp. 189, 255, 276–7; cf. K. Leyser, ‘Early Medieval Canon Law and the Beginnings of Knighthood’, Communications and Power in Medieval Europe, i, ed. T. Reuter (Woodbridge 1994); J. Nelson, ‘Ninth Century Knighthood; the Evidence of Nithard’, Studies in Medieval History Presented to R. A. Brown, ed. C. Harper-Bill et al. (Woodbridge 1989).
15. Godman, Poetry, pp. 128–9, 300–301, 302–3.
16. MGH, Epistolarum, v (Berlin 1898), p. 601 s.a. 853; vii (Berlin 1912), pp. 126–7, no. 150; Erdmann, Origin, p. 27.
17. Annales Fuldenses, ed. F. Kurze, MGH SS (Hanover 1891), p. 120, a. 891; C. J. Tyerman, England and the Crusades 1095–1588 (Chicago 1988), p. 10 and note 4 for Alfred.
18. Abbo of St Germain, De bello Parisiaco, ed. G. H. Pertz, MGH SS (Hanover 1871), pp. 9–10, bk I, ll. 108–10; trans. Godman, Poetry, p. 313; for the Benedict story, Adelarius, Miraculi S. Benedicti, ed. O. Holder-Egger, MGH SS, xv–i (Hanover 1887), 499–500.
19. The Dream of the Rood, ed. B. Dickins and A. S. C. Ross (London 1954), pp. 20–35.
20. G. R. Murphy, The Saxon Saviour (New York/Oxford 1989), esp. pp. 6, 19–20, 58, 62, 65, 70, 71 et seq., 98, 99, 102–3, 105, 106, 109–10, 113.
21. English Historical Documents, i, ed. D. Whitelock (London 1955), 293–7.
22. La Chanson d’Antioche, ed. S. Duparc-Quioc (Paris 1977– 8), i, 25–8 for passage; extracts J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 72–3.
23. Aelfric, Lives of the Saints, ed. W. W. Skeat, Early English Text Society (London 1890), ii, ll. 688–704; cf. 966 foundation charter of King Edgar for New Minster, Winchester, quoted in R. W. Southern, Western Church and Society in the Middle Ages (London 1970), pp. 224–5 and similar views of the emperor, Louis the Pious, in 817, MGH, Capitularia, i, 349–51.
24. Aelfric, Saints, ii, 66–143, 324–5; Maccabees ll. 681–2 for quotation; Abbo of Fleury, Passio Sancti Eadmundi, in Carolla Sancti Edmundi: the Garland of St Edmund King and Martyr, ed. and trans. Lord F. Hervey (London 1907), esp. pp. 20, 26, 30, 32.
25. P. Rousset, ‘L’ideal chevaleresque dans deux Vitae clunisienne’, Etudes de civilisation medievale, Melanges offerts a E. R. Labande (Poitiers 1974), pp. 623–33; PL, 133, esp. cols. 647–8.
26. Ralph Glaber, Historarium Libri Quinti, ed. J. France (Oxford 1989), p. 61.
27. H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘The Peace and Truce of God in the Eleventh Century’, Past and Present, xlvi (1970), 53 and, in general, 42–67; cf. a contrary perspective based on evidence from the Limousin, M. G. Bull, Knightly Piety and the Lay Response to the First Crusade (Oxford 1993).
28. The Penitentiary of Ermenfrid bishop of Sitten is translated by D. C. Douglas, English Historical Documents, ii (London 1963), 606–7; for Burchard of Worms, Decretum Libri XX, PL, cxl, esp. bk VI, De Homicidiis, e.g. chap. 23; cf. J. Gilchrist, ‘The Erdmann Thesis and the Canon Law’, Crusade and Settlement, ed. P. Edbury (Cardiff 1985), pp. 3–45.
29. Bonizo of Sutri, Liber de Vita Christiana, ed. E. Perels (Berlin 1930), esp. bk II, cc. 3, 43; bk III, c. 89; bk VII, c. 28; bk X, c. 79, pp. 35, 56, 101, 248–9, 336; cf. H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘Pope Gregory VII and the Bearing of Arms’, Montjoie: Studies in Crusade History in Honour of H. E. Mayer, ed. B. Kedar, J. Riley-Smith, R. Hiestand (Aldershot 1997), pp. 21–35; I. S. Robinson, ‘Gregory VII and the Soldiers of Christ’, History, lviii (1973), 161–92.
30. Gregory VII to people of the archdiocese of Ravenna, 11 Dec. 1080, trans. E. Emerton, The Correspondence of Pope Gregory VII (New York 1969), p. 165.
31. Benzo of Alba, Ad Heinricum IV. imperatorem, ed. H. Seyffert (Hanover 1996), pp. 240, 242, 248 (‘Cornefredus’), 300 (‘Grugnefredus’).
32. Orderic Vitalis, The Ecclesiastical History, ed. M. ChIbnall (Oxford 1969–80), iii, 216, 226, 260–62.
33. Emerton, Correspondence of Gregory VII, pp. 23, 25–6, 33, 39, 56–8, 60–61 for translations of some, but not all, the relevant letters of 1074 (cf. p. 165 for the 1080 reference to the ‘enemies of the Cross of Christ’); Cowdrey, ‘Gregory VII and Bearing of Arms’, esp. p. 30 and note 35 for refs. to Gregory’s Register, especially Gregory VII, Regestrum, ed. E. Caspar, MGH, Epistolae Selectae, 2, i–ii (Berlin 1920–23), bk I, nos. 46, 49; bk II, nos. 31, 37, pp. 69–71, 75–6, 165–8, 172–3; The Epistolae vagantes of Pope Gregory VII, ed. and trans. H. E. J. Cowdrey (Oxford 1972), no. 5, pp. 10–13; Cowdrey, ‘Pope Gregory VII’s “Crusading” Plans of 1074’, Outremer, ed. B. Kedar, H. E. Mayer and R. C. Smail (Jerusalem 1982), pp. 27–40.
34. Chanson de Roland, v. 1015.
35. William of Tyre, Chronicon, ed. R. B. C. Huygens, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis, lxiii (Turnhout 1986), bk I, cc. 1–2, pp. 105–7 (Rubric to first chapter: ‘Quod tempore Eraclii… Homar… universam occupaverit Syriam’). Runciman, History of the Crusades, i, 3–5 has a famous purple passage on the fall of Jerusalem in 638; cf. a controversial alternative vision, P. Cronne and M. Cook, Hagarism: the Making of the Islamic World (Cambridge 1977), p. 51; for a conventional account, L. V. Vaglieri, ‘The Patriarchal and Umayyad Caliphates’, Cambridge History of Islam, ed. P. M. Holt et al. (Cambridge 1970), i, 62. Umar must have cut a striking figure; huge, with a long beard, he used to patrol the streets of Medina wielding a bullwhip.
36. R. Fletcher, Moorish Spain (London 1992), p. 75.
37. Storia de’ Normanni di Amato di Montecassino, ed. V. de
