Bartholomaeis (Rome 1935), v. 12, p. 234; quoted in C. Morris, The Papal Monarchy (Oxford 1989), p. 142 and, for this period in general, pp. 79–153.
38. Epistolae pontificum Romanorum ineditae, ed. S. Lowenfeld (Leipzig 1885), no. 82, p. 43; Cowdrey, ‘Gregory VII and Bearing of Arms’, p. 28, note 31; Bull, Knightly Piety, pp. 72–8; A. Ferreiro, ‘The Siege of Barbastro’, Journal of Medieval History, ix (1983), 133–5.
39. Glaber, Historiarum, pp. 134–7; for Sergius’s bull, Morris, Papal Monarchy, p. 146–7 and note 16; cf. A. Gieysztor, ‘The Genesis of the Crusades: the Encyclical of Sergius IV’, Medievalia et Humanistica, 5 (1949), 3–23, and 6 (1950), 3–34; for a Muslim view of western pilgrims c.1047 Naser-e Khosraw, Book of Travels (Saparnama), trans. W. M. Thackston Jnr (New York 1986), pp. 21, 35, 37–8.
40. Ademar of Chabannes, Chronicon, ed. P. Bourgain, Opera Omnia, i, Corpus Christianorum Continuatio Mediaevalis, cxxix (Turnhout 1999), bk III, cc. 38, 39, 45, 47, 52, 55, 65, 68, 69, pp. 159, 160, 165–7, 171, 174, 184, 188–9.
41. Glaber, Historiarum, pp. 37, 61, 83, 84–5, 118–21, 194–5, 196, 198–205, 206–7, 208–9, 212–15.
42. See discussion by J. Riley-Smith, The First Crusade and the Idea of Crusading (London 1986), pp. 18–19 and notes 27, 29; Gregory VII, Regestrum, bk II, no. 37, p. 173.
2: The Summons to Jerusalem
1. Sigebert of Gembloux, Chronica, MGHS, vi, p. 368.
2. Modern literature on the First Crusade is very extensive; for recent works in English in particular see Riley-Smith, First Crusade; idem, The First Crusaders 1095– 1131 (Cambridge 1997); J. France, Victory in the East (Cambridge 1994); Runciman, History of the Crusades, vol. i remains a compelling read.
3. Raymond of Aguilers, Historia, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 15.
4. The phrase is that of the anonymous Gesta Francorum, ed. and trans. R. Hill (Oxford 1972), p. 1.
5. Bernold of St Blasien, Chronicon, MGHS, v. p. 462; for Alexius and the West, see esp. J. Shepard, ‘Aspects of Byzantine Attitudes and Policy Towards the West’, Byzantium and the West c. 850–c. 1200, ed. J. D. Howard-Johnston (Amsterdam 1988), pp. 102–18.
6. Bernold of St Blasien, Chronicon, p. 462.
7. R. Somerville, ‘The Council of Clermont’, in Papacy, Councils and Canon Law (London 1990), VII, p. 58 and passim; cf. ibid. V, ‘French Councils of Pope Urban II’ and VIII, ‘The Council of Clermont and the First Crusade’; for Baldwin, Albert of Aachen, Historia Hierosolymitana, RHC Occ., iv, 626.
8. Annales S. Benigni Divionensis, MGHS, v, p. 43; Annales Besuensis (i.e. Blaise near Dijon), MGHS, ii, 250. For Urban’s itinerary, A. Becker, Papst Urban II (Stuttgart 1064–88), ii, 435–57.
9. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 136–8; W. Wiederhold, ‘Papsturkunden in Florenz’, Nachrichten von der Gesellschaft des Wissenschaften zu Gottingen (Gottingen 1901), pp. 313–14; Fulk IV of Anjou, Gesta Andegavensium peregrinorum, RHC Occ., v, 345–6; Sigebert of Gembloux, Chronica, p. 367.
10. H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘Pope Urban II and the Idea of the Crusade’, Studi Medievali, 3rd series, 36 (1995), 737–8; Chroniques des comtes d’Anjou et des seigneurs d’Amboise, ed. L. Halphen et al. (Paris 1913), pp. 100–101.
11. Geoffrey abbot of Vendome, Epistolae, no. XXI, PL, clvii, col. 162; J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 38 for translation of Flemish letter; for the Clermont decrees, R. Somerville, The Councils of Urban II, i: Decreta Claromontensia (Amsterdam 1972) and above, note 7; J. D. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima Collectio, xx (Venice 1775), cols. 816–19.
12. William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum, ed. R. A. B. Mynors et al., i (Oxford 1998), pp. 593–4.
13. For a vivid reconstruction of Clermont, Runciman, History of the Crusades, pp. 107–8 and p. 108, note 1 for refs.
14. Gerald of Wales, Journey Through Wales, trans. L. Thorpe (London 1978), p. 75.
15. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 137–8; Vita Altmanni episcopi Pataviensis, MGHS, xii, 230; cf. Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, pp. 62–3, 81–3, 97. For penance and pilgrimage in crusade charters, ibid., esp. chaps. 3 and 4 and idem, First Crusade, esp. chap. 2.
16. Becker, Papst Urban II, ii, 352–62 (esp. pp. 352–3), 374–6, 398–9.
17. Urban to Bolognese, 19 Sept. 1096, Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 137–8; J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 39.
18. Robert the Monk (of Rheims), Historia, RHC Occ., iii, 727– 30.
19. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum, xx, col. 816; Somerville, Decreta Claromontensia, p. 74; in general, H. E. J. Cowdrey, ‘Pope Urban II’s Preaching of the First Crusade’, History, 55 (1970), 177–88; for the Bologna letter, J. and L. Riley- Smith, Crusades, p. 39.
20. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 136–7; J. and L. Riley- Smith, Crusades, p. 38.
21. Fulk of Anjou, Gesta Andegavensium, RHC Occ., v, 345; J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, p. 39.
22. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 13.
23. Henry of Huntingdon, De captione Antiochae a Christianis, RHC Occ., v, 374.
24. Glaber, Historiarum, pp. 200–201.
25. Adhemar of Chabannes, Chronicon, bk III, c. 47, pp. 166– 7.
26. Vita Altmanni, p. 230.
27. Benzo of Alba, Ad Heinricum IV. Imperatorem Libri VII, MGHS, xi, 605, 606, 616–17, 652; MGHS, lxv, 144; J. Shepard, ‘Cross-purposes: Alexius Comnenus and the First Crusade’, The First Crusade, ed. J. Phillips (Manchester 1997), pp. 107–29 and note 5 above.
28. Cowdrey, ‘Urban II and the Idea of Crusade’, pp. 721–42; cf. G. J. C. Snoek, Medieval Piety: From Relics to the Eucharist (Leiden 1995), pp. 25–6, 35; Adhemar of Chabannes, Opera, PL, cxli, col. 110.
29. Snoek, Medieval Piety, p. 87.
30. Winchester Annals, Annales Monastici, ed. H. R. Luard, Rolls Series (London 1864–69), ii, 38.
31. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 142, 164; Gesta Francorum, p. 7 (for the date, often recorded as Sept. 1096, E. Jamison, ‘Some
