Notes on the Anonymi Gesta Francorum’, Studies in French Medieval Literature Presented to M. K. Pope (Manchester 1939), pp. 183–208.
32. R. Chazan, European Jewry and the First Crusade (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1987), p. 77; cf. S. Eidelberg, The Jews and the Crusaders: The Hebrew Chronicles of the First and Second Crusades (Madison 1977), pp. 21–115.
33. Baldric of Bourgeuil, Historia Jerosolimitana, RHC Occ., iv, 12.
34. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, p. 136.
35. Note 21 above; Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 136–44, 176, 179; Urban’s letters, J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 38–40; for Limoges, RHC Occ., v, 350–53; for Amanieu, Cartulaire du prieure de Sainte-Pierre de la Reole, ed. C. Grellet-Balguerie, Archives historiques de la Gironde, v (1863), 140.
36. Hill, Gesta Francorum, pp. 19–20.
37. Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, p. 62 and ref. note 41; PL, clvii, col. 162.
38. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, p. 138; cf. p. 154 for the leaders talking of pilgrimage in 1098; see note 15 above for pilgrimage motifs in charters.
39. Notitiae duae Lemoviensis de praedicatione crucis in Aquitania, RHC Occ., v, 350–53. For the importance of Christocentric festivals, see the deal between Cluny and Achard of Montmerle on 12 April, i.e. Easter Saturday, 1096, Bruel, Chartes de Cluny, v, 51–3.
40. Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, p. 75; France, Victory, p. 45.
41. For monkish touts, Cartulaires de l’abbaye de Molesme 916– 1250, ed. J. Laurent (Paris 1907–11), ii, 83–4; Cartulaire de l’abbaye de Noyers, Memoires de la societe archeologique de Touraine, xxii (1872), ed. C. Chevalier, pp. 274–5; Cartulaire du prieure de Notre Dame de Longpont de l’ordre de Cluny, ed. A. Marion (Lyons 1879), pp. 189–90; for the inculcation of a crusader’s sense of sin, Cartulaire Manceau de Marmoutier, ed. E. Laurain (Laval 1911–45), ii, 86–9.
42. Hill, Gesta Francorum, p. 2.
43. Caffaro, De liberatione civitatum Orientis, RHC Occ., v, 49.
44. The chief primary sources for Peter are Albert of Aachen, Historia, RHC Occ., iv, 271–4; Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei per Francos, RHC Occ., iv, 142–3 (p. 140 for ‘great rumour’); Anna Comnena, The Alexiad, trans. E. R. A. Sewter (London 1969), pp. 309–11; cf. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, ed. and trans. M. ChIbnall (Oxford 1969–79), v, 29. See E. O. Blake and C. Morris, ‘A Hermit Goes to War: Peter and the Origins of the First Crusade’, Monks, Hermits and the Ascetic Tradition, ed. W. J. Shields, Studies in Church History, xxii (1985), 79–109, which challenges the orthodoxy established by H. Hagenmeyer, Peter der Eremite (Leipzig 1879); the patriarch’s letter is translated by E. Peters, The First Crusade (2nd edn Philadelphia 1998), pp. 283–4; I am grateful to Jonathan Shepard for discussion on some of these points.
45. Hill, Gesta Francorum, p. 2, ‘The Gauls organised themselves into three parts. One group of Franks entered the region of Hungary, namely Peter the Hermit and Duke Godfrey…’
46. Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, p. 56.
47. Adhemar of Chabannes, Chronicon, bk III, c. 47, pp. 166–7; Gieysztor, ‘Genesis of Crusades.
48. Albert of Aachen, Historia, p. 272; for Peter’s retirement and foundation of the Augustinian abbey at Neumoustier near Huy, dedicated to the Holy Sepulchre and John the Baptist ‘in remembrance and veneration of the church of Jerusalem’, Chronica Albrici monarchi Trium Fontium a monarcho novi monasterii Hoiensis interpolata, MGHS, xxiii, 815; Giles of Orval, Gesta episcoporum Leodiensium, MGHS, xxv, 93.
49. Naser-e Khosraw, Book of Travels, p. 39; C. Cahen, ‘La Chronique abrege d’al-Azimi’, Journal Asiatique, 230 (1938), 430; C. Hillenbrand, The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives (Edinburgh 1999), p. 50.
50. C. De Vic and J Vaissete, Histoire generale de Languedoc, v (Toulouse 1875), col. 737–8; Riley-Smith, The First Crusade, p. 21.
51. France, Victory, p. 194; Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 348–9; for Alexius and westerners see the articles by J. Shepard, ‘Aspects of Byzantine Attitudes’; ‘Alexius and the First Crusade’; ‘When Greek Meets Greek: Alexius Comnenus and Bohemund in 1097–8’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 12 (1988), 185–277; ‘The English in Byzantium’, Traditio, 29 (1973), 52–93. The Sicilian point I owe to Dr Jeremy Johns.
52. Orderic Vitalis, Ecclesiastical History, iii, 134–6; v, 156– 9.
53. Frutolfi et Ekkehardi Chronica, ed. F.-J. Schmale and I. Schmale (Darmstadt 1972), p. 106. C. Haskins, ‘A Canterbury Monk at Constantinople’, English Historical Review, 25 (1910), 293–5; Shepard, ‘Cross-purposes’, pp. 116–22.
54. Duparc-Quioc, La Chanson d’Antioche, v, 3449.
55. J. and L. Riley-Smith, Crusades, pp. 44, 52.
56. Hill, Gesta Francorum, pp. 19–20.
57. Jerusalem Mirabilis, in R. L. Crocker, ‘Early Crusade Songs’, The Holy War, ed. T. P. Murphy (Columbus, Ohio 1976), pp. 78–98.
58. Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei, pp. 140–41.
59. By Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, esp. pp. 93–105.
60. RHC Occ., iii, 727–30.
61. Duparc-Quioc, Chanson d’Antioche, v, 7921.
62. Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei, p. 124.
63. Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem 1095– 1127, trans. F. R. Ryan, intro. H. S. Fink (Knoxville 1969), pp. 66–7.
64. These cited by Riley-Smith, First Crusaders, pp. 113– 14.
65. Ralph of Caen, Gesta Tancredi, RHC Occ., iii, 605–6; for Thomas of Marle, Suger of St Denis, Vita Ludovici Grossi regis, ed. H. Waquet (Paris 1929), pp. 30–34, 174–8 and pp. 150–51 for Stephen of Blois; Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei, p. 79 for William; for Raimbold, PL, clxii, cols. 144–5 and C. J. Tyerman, The Invention of the Crusades (Basingstoke, 1998), pp. 11–12.
66. Quoted by Somerville, Prolegomena to the Decreta Claromontensia, in Papacy, Councils and Canon Law, VI, pp. 33–5.
67. Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei, p. 251; Deeds of God through the Franks, trans. R. Levine (Woodbridge 1997), p. 156.
68. Vita Altmanni, p. 230.
69. Sigebert of Gembloux, Chronica, p. 367; for his hostility to papal use of indulgences for war, MGH, Libelli de Lite Imperatorem et Pontificum, ii (Hanover 1892), 464.
3: The March to Constantinople
1. Sigebert of Gembloux, Chronica, p. 367; Albert of Aachen,
