Historia, pp. 274, 277, 289, 340; Raymond of Aguilers, Historia iii, 244; Hill, Gesta Francorum, pp. 2–3; Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei, p. 136 and passim; Riley-Smith, First Crusade, esp. pp. 111–12, 141–2, 147–8; Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 141–2, 146; France, Victory, pp. 148, 210.
2. The best modern account of the campaign is France, Victory.
3. Raymond of Aguilers, Historia, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill. p. 91.
4. The Lorraine and German expeditions are the prime concern of Albert of Aachen, Historia, p. 272 et seq. For chronology, see J. W. Nesbitt, ‘The Rate of March of Crusading Armies’, Traditio, 19 (1963), who amends H. Hagenmeyer, Chronologie de la premiere croisade (Paris 1902).
5. Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei, pp. 140–92 and 142–3 for his hostile account of Peter; cf. F. Duncalf, ‘The Peasants’ Crusade’, American Historical Review, 26 (1920–21), 440–53, esp. p. 441.
6. Guibert of Nogent, Gesta Dei, pp. 183–4.
7. Anna Comnena, Alexiad, p. 286 and pp. 293–308; Shepard, ‘Cross-purposes’, esp. p. 115 for comments on this background.
8. Nesbitt, ‘Rate of March’, esp. p. 173; Albert of Aachen, Historia, pp. 278–82 for the size of the army and length of line in the Balkans.
9. Albert of Aachen, Historia, p. 280.
10. Albert of Aachen, Historia, p. 288.
11. Chazan, European Jewry p. 23 and, in general, pp. 1– 37.
12. R. Chazan, ‘1007–1012: Initial Crisis for Northern European Jewry’, Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research, 38–9 (1970–71), 101– 17.
13. Chazan, European Jewry, p. 36.
14. Runciman, History of Crusades, i, 137 and pp. 134–41 for the pogrom; cf. Chazan, European Jewry, pp. 50–136; the chief Jewish sources are translated by S. Eidelberg, Jews and the Crusaders, pp. 21–75, 79–93, 99–115. Emich of Flonheim used to be known to historians as Emich of Leinengen, A. V. Murray, ‘The Army of Godfrey de Bouillon: Structure and Dynamics of a Contingent on the First Crusade’, Revue Belge de Philologie et d’Histoire, 70 (1992), 315–22.
15. Eidelberg, Jews and Crusaders, p. 36.
16. Eidelberg, Jews and Crusaders, p. 50.
17. Albert of Aachen, Historia, p. 295.
18. Guibert of Nogent, De vita sua, ed. E.-R. Labande (Paris 1981), pp. 246–8; Albert of Aachen, Historia, p. 293; Ekkehard of Aura, Hierosolymita, RHC Occ., v, 20.
19. Eidelberg, Jews and Crusaders, p. 108 (the Mainz Anonymous); in general Chazan, European Jewry, pp. 72–84; cf. the awkward passages in Riley-Smith, First Crusade, pp. 53–7.
20. Eidelberg, Jews and Crusaders, pp. 21, 112.
21. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 138, 139.
22. Cf. Riley-Smith, First Crusade, p. 50.
23. Chazan, European Jewry, p. 145.
24. Tyerman, England and the Crusades, p. 19; Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, pp. 137–8.
25. Actes des comtes de Flandres 1071–1128, ed. F. Vercauteren (Brussels 1938), pp. 65–6, no. 22; the count of Roucy is a witness.
26. Fulcher of Chartres, History, p. 74.
27. Preserved in mangled form by Anna Comnena, Alexiad, pp. 313–14.
28. ‘Elias who had deserted from the emperor…’, Alexiad, p. 314.
29. H. E. Mayer, Melanges sur l’histoire du royaume Latin de Jerusalem (Paris 1984), pp. 17, 22–7, 43, 44, 49; Murray ‘The Army of Godfrey de Bouillon’, pp. 301– 29, esp. pp. 314, 327.
30. Hill, Gesta Francorum, p. 2; G. Paris, ‘La Chanson du pelerinage de Charlemagne’, Romania, 9 (1880), 1–50; J. Flori, ‘Pur eschalier sainte crestiente. Croisade, guerre sainte et guerre juste dans les anciennes chansons de geste francaises’, Le Moyen Age, 97 (5th series vol. v, 1991), 171–87.
31. Albert of Aachen, Historia, p. 274.
32. Albert of Aachen, Historia, p. 311, and pp. 305–11 for the Constantinople stand-off.
33. This, at least, is the impression given by Albert of Aachen, who listened to them.
34. See now J. D. Howard-Johnston, ‘Anna Komnene and the Alexiad’, in Alexios Komnenos, ed. M. E. Mullett and D. Smythe (Belfast 1996); J. France, ‘Anna Comnena, the Alexiad and the First Crusade’, Reading Medieval Studies, 10 (1983), 20–32.
35. Runciman, History of Crusades, i, 157–8.
36. On Bohemund’s expedition, Hill, Gesta Francorum, pp. 7–9 et seq., whose author was with it; E. Jamison, ‘Some Notes on the Anonymi Gesta Francorum’; on Bohemund’s position on the crusade, J. Shepard, ‘When Greek Meets Greek’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 12 (1988), 185–276.
37. Marquis de la Force, ‘Les Conseillers latins du basileus Alexis Comnene’, Byzantion, xi (1936), 153–65; D. Nicol, ‘Symbiosis and Integration; Some Greco-Latin Families in Byzantium’, Byzantinische Forschungen, 7 (1979), 113–35; W. B. McQueen, ‘Relations between the Normans and Byzantium 1071–1112’, Byzantion, 56 (1986), 427– 76.
38. Shepard, ‘Greek Meets Greek’ for these details.
39. Raymond of Aguilers, Historia, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 22.
40. France, Victory, p. 98.
41. For Spain, Bull, Knightly Piety, p. 83.
42. Raymond of Aguilers, Historia, trans. J. H. and L. L. Hill, p. 18.
43. According to William of Poitiers, see Shepard, ‘Aspects of Byzantine Attitudes towards the West’.
44. On Robert’s crusade and career, C. W. David, Robert Curthose, Duke of Normandy (Cambridge, Mass. 1920); cf. William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum, ed. W. Stubbs, Rolls Series (London 1887–9), ii, 433, 460, 461 for later myths and gossip.
45. France, Victory, p. 129.
46. Hagenmeyer, Kreuzzugsbriefe, p. 149.
47. Fulcher of Chartres, History, pp. 75–6.
