general accounts of twelfth-century Outremer, J. Prawer, The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem (London 1972); Richard, The Crusades, pp. 77–215; J. Riley-Smith, The Crusades: A Short History (London 1990), pp. 40–87; H. E. Mayer, The Crusades (2nd edn Oxford 1988), pp. 58–136, 152–95. The main western chronicle accounts are, up to the late 1120s, Fulcher of Chartres, Albert of Aachen and, thereafter, William of Tyre.
15. M. Benvenisti, The Crusaders in the Holy Land (Jerusalem 1970), pp. 14, 132; J. Riley-Smith, ‘The Survival in Latin Palestine of Muslim Administration’, The Eastern Mediterranean Lands in the Period of the Crusades, ed. P. M. Holt (Warminster 1977), pp. 9– 22 and esp. p. 16.
16. Fulcher of Chartres, History pp. 132, 150; William of Tyre, History, i, 408; for the accounts of the Englishman Saewulf (1101?3) and the Russian abbot Daniel (1106?8), J. Wilkinson, The Jerusalem Pilgrimage 1099–1185, Hackluyt Society, NS, 167 (1988), 100, 108, 145, 148–50, 154, 162.
17. H. E. Mayer and M. L. Favreau, ‘Das Diplom Balduins I fur Genua und Genuas Goldene Inschrift in der Grabeskirche’, Quellen und Forschungen aus italianischen Archiven und Bibliotheken, 55–6 (1976), 22 et seq.; other scholars still maintain the authenticity of both 1104 privilege and the inscription.
18. Caffaro of Genoa, De Liberatione Civitatum Orientis Liber, RHC Occ., v.
19. Richard, The Crusades, pp. 98–9.
20. Fulcher of Chartres, History, pp. 149–50.
21. Hillenbrand, Crusades, pp. 73–4 and, generally, pp. 69– 76.
6: The Latin States
1. Fulcher of Chartres, History, pp. 271–2.
2. Apart from the general accounts by Riley-Smith, Mayer, Richard and Prawer (above chap. 5 note 14), see for the Muslim perspective Holt, Age of Crusades, pp. 23–59; C. Cahen, La Syrie du Nord (Paris 1940); and the chapters by H. S. Fink, R. L. Nicholson and H. A. R. Gibb in History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, vol. i. There is no surviving Edessan Latin chronicle, but cf. that of the Armenian Matthew of Edessa, trans. A. E. Dostourian, Armenia and the Crusades (New York and London 1993); William of Tyre et al. have much to say as well. On Edessa generally, J. B. Segal, Edessa, ‘The Blessed City’ (Oxford 1970).
3. On Antioch/Edessa relations, T. S. Asbridge, Creation of the Principality of Antioch, esp. pp. 50–91, 104–28.
4. William of Tyre, History, ii, 52.
5. H. Kennedy, Crusader Castles (Cambridge 1994), p. 18.
6. William of Tyre, History, ii, 201, cf. pp. 140–41.
7. In general and specifically, Asbridge, Creation of the Principality; Cahen, Syrie du Nord; Lilie, Byzantium and Crusader States; there survives an Antiochene chronicle by Walter the Chancellor, The Antiochene Wars, trans. T. S. Asbridge and S. B. Edgington (Aldershot 1999).
8. Although he was: Walter the Chancellor, Antiochene Wars, p. 163; Usamah, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman, p. 149; Ibn al-Qalanisi, Damascus Chronicle, p. 149.
9. Lilie, Byzantium and Crusader States, pp. 103–4; Mayer, Crusades, p. 115; Runciman, History of the Crusades, ii, 364–5 and note 1.
10. P. Deschamps, Les Chateaux des Croises en Terre Sainte (Paris 1934–73), iii, 191–9; Asbridge, Creation of Principality, pp. 73, 175; Mayer, Crusades, p. 163.
11. Asbridge, Creation of Principality, pp. 176–7 and refs.
12. Cahen, Syrie de Nord, pp. 41–2, 343–4, 405, 540; B. Z. Kedar, ‘The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant’, Muslims under Latin Rule, ed. J. M. Powell (Princeton 1990), pp. 137, 156–7; for Alan of al-Atharib, Asbridge, Creation of Principality, p. 169.
13. Cahen, Syrie du Nord, p. 278.
14. Walter the Chancellor, Antiochene Wars, pp. 87–9.
15. Mayer, Crusades, p. 192; Runciman, History of the Crusades, ii, 346–7; William of Tyre, History, ii, 235–6.
16. Richard, The Crusades, pp. 113–14.
17. Anna Comnena, Alexiad, p. 434 and 424–34 for text of treaty; Lilie, Byzantium and Crusader States, pp. 72–82; Asbridge, Creation of the Principality, pp. 94–103.
18. Lilie, Byzantium and Crusader States, passim.
19. William of Tyre, History, ii, 77–8.
20. Runciman, History of the Crusades, ii, 182–3 and refs.; William of Tyre, History, ii, 199.
21. J. H. and L. L. Hill, Raymond IV Count of Toulouse (New York 1962); Kennedy, Crusader Castles, p. 63.
22. Ibn al-Qalanisi, Damascus Chronicle, p.89.
23. For their fortifications, Kennedy, Crusader Castles, pp. 64– 7; For the end of the Embriacos, below p. 732.
24. Damascus Chronicle, pp. 287–8; Runciman, History of the Crusades, ii, 287–8 for further refs.
25. William of Tyre, History, ii, 214; Holt, Age of Crusades, pp. 28, 39–40; B. Lewis, ‘The Isma’ilites and the Assassins’, History of the Crusades, ed. Setton, i, 99–132.
26. E.g. William of Tyre, History, ii, 192–3 (reactions after the debacle of the siege of Damascus 1148); ii, 418–20, 434–5 (for the tensions surrounding the visit of Count Philip of Flanders 1177, on which see B. Hamilton, The Leper King and his Heirs (Cambridge 2000), pp. 119–33).
27. Only one twelfth-century verse epic, the Chanson des Chetifs, originated in Outremer, at Antioch, probably at the court of Raymond of Poitiers (d. 1149), but other chanson cycles were known there as in the west; for a summary, Mayer, Crusades, pp. 192–3.
28. A. V. Murray, ‘The Accession of Baldwin I of Jerusalem’, From Clermont to Jerusalem: The Crusade and Crusade Societies 1095–1500 (Turnhout 1998), pp. 81–102.
29. On titles, J. France, ‘The Election and Title of Godfrey de Bouillon’, Canadian Journal of History, 18 (1983), 321–30; cf. J. Riley-Smith, ‘The Title of Godfrey de Bouillon’, Bulletin of the Institute of Historical Research, 52 (1979), 83–6; A. V. Murray, ‘The Title of Godfrey de Bouillon as Ruler of Jerusalem’, Collegium Medievale, 3 (1990), 163–78; Richard, The Crusades, p. 78; H. E. Mayer, ‘Latins, Muslims and Greeks in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem’, History, 63 (1978), 175.
30. William of Tyre, History, i, 416; Mayer, Melanges, esp. pp. 11, 17, 30–72.
31. William of Tyre, History, i, 487–8; for the Latin text, William of Tyre, Chronicon, bk 11, c. 14, p. 518.
32. Fulcher of Chartres, History, p. 222.
